Association of Maternal Autoimmune Diseases with Risk of Mental Disorders in Offspring in Denmark

Funding Information: László); grants 19410713500 and 2018SHZDZX01 from the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Dr F. Li); grants GWV-10.1-XK07, 2020CXJQ01, and 2018YJRC03 from the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (Dr F Li); and grant 2018B030335001 from the Guangdong Key Project (Dr F Li) . Funding Information: Funding/Support: This study was supported by grant NNF18OC0052029 from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (Dr J. Li) ; grants DFF-6110-00019B, DFF-9039-00010B, and DFF-1030-00012B from the Danish Council for Independent Research (Dr J. Li); grant R275-A15770 from the Nordic Cancer Union (Dr J. Li); grant 2016 from the Karen Elise Jensens Fond (Dr J. Li); grants 81761128035, 81930095, and 82125032 (Dr F. Li) and grant 82073570 (Dr J. Li) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China; grant 20180306 from the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation (Dr László); grant 2015-00837 from the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (Dr Publisher Copyright: © 2022 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Importance: Maternal immune activation during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of several mental disorders in offspring during childhood, but little is known about how maternal autoimmune diseases during pregnancy are associated with mental health in offspring during and after childhood. Objective: To investigate the association between maternal autoimmune diseases before childbirth and risk of mental disorders among offspring up to early adulthood. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based nationwide cohort study used data from Danish national registers on singletons born in Denmark from 1978 to 2015 with up to 38 years of follow-up. Data analyses were conducted from March 1, 2020, through September 30, 2021. Exposures: Maternal autoimmune disease diagnosed before or during pregnancy according to the Danish National Patient Register. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was mental disorders, defined by hospital diagnoses, in offspring. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for mental disorders. Results: Of the 2254234 singleton infants included in the study (median age, 16.7 years [IQR, 10.5-21.7 years]; 51.28% male), 2.26% were born to mothers with autoimmune diseases before childbirth. Exposed participants had an increased risk of overall mental disorders compared with their unexposed counterparts (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13-1.19; incidence, 9.38 vs 7.91 per 1000 person-years). Increased risks of overall mental disorders in offspring were seen in different age groups for type 1 diabetes (1-5 years: HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.17-1.57]; 6-18 years: HR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.15-1.33]; >18 years: HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.09-1.30]) and rheumatoid arthritis (1-5 years: HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.16-1.74]; 6-18 years: HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.05-1.36]; >18 years: HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.02-1.60]). Regarding specific mental disorders, increased risk after exposure to any maternal autoimmune disorder was observed for organic disorders (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.21-1.94), schizophrenia (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.21-1.51), obsessive-compulsive disorder (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.24-1.63), mood disorders (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04-1.21), and a series of neurodevelopmental disorders (eg, childhood autism [HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08-1.36] and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.26]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study in Denmark, prenatal exposure to maternal autoimmune diseases was associated with increased risks of overall and type-specific mental disorders in offspring. Maternal type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy were associated with offspring's mental health up to early adulthood. Individuals prenatally exposed to autoimmune disease may benefit from long-term surveillance for mental disorders.Peer reviewe

Association of Maternal Autoimmune Diseases With Risk of Mental Disorders in Offspring in Denmark

IMPORTANCE Maternal immune activation during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of several mental disorders in offspring during childhood, but little is known about how maternal autoimmune diseases during pregnancy are associated with mental health in offspring during and after childhood.OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between maternal autoimmune diseases before childbirth and risk of mental disorders among offspring up to early adulthood.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based nationwide cohort study used data from Danish national registers on singletons born in Denmark from 1978 to 2015 with up to 38 years of follow-up. Data analyses were conducted from March 1, 2020, through September 30, 2021.EXPOSURES Maternal autoimmune disease diagnosed before or during pregnancy according to the Danish National Patient Register.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was mental disorders, defined by hospital diagnoses, in offspring. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for mental disorders.RESULTS Of the 2 254 234 singleton infants included in the study (median age, 16.7 years [IQR, 10.5-21.7 years]; 51.28% male), 2.26% were born to mothers with autoimmune diseases before childbirth. Exposed participants had an increased risk of overall mental disorders compared with their unexposed counterparts (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13-1.19; incidence, 9.38 vs 7.91 per 1000 person-years). Increased risks of overall mental disorders in offspring were seen in different age groups for type 1 diabetes (1-5 years: HR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.17-1.57]; 6-18 years: HR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.15-1.33]; >18 years: HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.09-1.30]) and rheumatoid arthritis (1-5 years: HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.16-1.74]; 6-18 years: HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.05436]; >18 years: HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.02-1.60]). Regarding specific mental disorders, increased risk after exposure to any maternal autoimmune disorder was observed for organic disorders (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.21-1.94), schizophrenia (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.21-1.51), obsessive-compulsive disorder (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.24-1.63), mood disorders (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.04-121), and a series of neurodevelopmental disorders (eg, childhood autism [HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08436] and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.12-1.26]).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study in Denmark, prenatal exposure to maternal autoimmune diseases was associated with increased risks of overall and type-specific mental disorders in offspring. Maternal type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy were associated with offspring's mental health up to early adulthood. Individuals prenatally exposed to autoimmune disease may benefit from long-term surveillance for mental disorders.</p

Identification and characterization of mRNAs and lncRNAs in the uterus of polytocous and monotocous Small Tail Han sheep (Ovis aries)

Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate endometrial secretion and uterine volume. However, there is little research on the role of lncRNAs in the uterus of Small Tail Han sheep (FecB++). Herein, RNA-seq was used to comparatively analyze gene expression profiles of uterine tissue between polytocous and monotocous sheep (FecB++) in follicular and luteal phases. Methods To identify lncRNA and mRNA expressed in the uterus, the expression of lncRNA and mRNA in the uterus of Small Tail Han sheep (FecB++) from the polytocous group (n = 6) and the monotocous group (n = 6) using RNA-sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Identification of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were performed between the two groups and two phases . Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed to analyze the biological functions and pathways for the differentially expressed mRNAs. LncRNA-mRNA co-expression network was constructed to further analyses the function of related genes. Results In the follicular phase, 473 lncRNAs and 166 mRNAs were differentially expressed in polytocous and monotocous sheep; in the luteal phase, 967 lncRNAs and 505 mRNAs were differentially expressed in polytocous and monotocous sheep. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed lncRNAs and their target genes are mainly involved in ovarian steroidogenesis, retinol metabolism, the oxytocin signaling pathway, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and the Foxo signaling pathway. Key lncRNAs may regulate reproduction by regulating genes involved in these signaling pathways and biological processes. Specifically, UGT1A1, LHB, TGFB1, TAB1, and RHOA, which are targeted by MSTRG.134747, MSTRG.82376, MSTRG.134749, MSTRG.134751, and MSTRG.134746, may play key regulatory roles. These results offer insight into molecular mechanisms underlying sheep prolificacy

A novel lectin from Agrocybe aegerita shows high binding selectivity for terminal N-acetylglucosamine

A novel lectin was isolated from the mushroom Agrocybe aegerita (designated AAL-2) by affinity chromatography with GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine)-coupled Sepharose 6B after ammonium sulfate precipitation. The AAL-2 coding sequence (1224 bp) was identified by performing a homologous search of the five tryptic peptides identified by MS against the translated transcriptome of A. aegerita. The molecular mass of AAL-2 was calculated to be 43.175 kDa from MS, which was consistent with the data calculated from the amino acid sequence. To analyse the carbohydrate-binding properties of AAL-2, a glycan array composed of 465 glycan candidates was employed, and the result showed that AAL-2 bound with high selectivity to terminal non-reducing GlcNAc residues, and further analysis revealed that AAL-2 bound to terminal non-reducing GlcNAc residues with higher affinity than previously well-known GlcNAc-binding lectins such as WGA (wheatgerm agglutinin) and GSL-II (Griffonia simplicifolia lectin-II). ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) showed further that GlcNAc bound to AAL-2 in a sequential manner with moderate affinity. In the present study, we also evaluated the anti-tumour activity of AAL-2. The results showed that AAL-2 could bind to the surface of hepatoma cells, leading to induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, AAL-2 exerted an anti-hepatoma effect via inhibition of tumour growth and prolongation of survival time of tumour-bearing mice in vivo

Understanding High Saving Rate in China

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the Chinese saving rate based on the flow of funds data. It finds that the most widely adopted view of precautionary saving, which is regarded as the top reason for maintaining a high saving rate in China, is misleading because this conclusion is drawn from the household survey data. In fact, the household saving rate has declined dramatically since the mid-1990s, as is observed from the flow of funds framework. The high national saving rate is attributed to the increasing shares of both government and corporation disposable incomes. Insufficient consumption demand is caused by the persistent decrease in percentage share of household to national disposable income. Government- directed income redistribution urgently needs to be improved to accelerate consumption, which in turn would make the Chinese economy less investment-led and help to reduce the current account surplus. Copyright The official journal of The Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) 2007.

Weak and Strong Convergence Theorems for Nonexpansive Mappings in Banach Spaces

<p>Abstract</p> <p>The purpose of this paper is to introduce two implicit iteration schemes for approximating fixed points of nonexpansive mapping <inline-formula> <graphic file="1687-1812-2008-751383-i1.gif"/></inline-formula> and a finite family of nonexpansive mappings <inline-formula> <graphic file="1687-1812-2008-751383-i2.gif"/></inline-formula>, respectively, in Banach spaces and to prove weak and strong convergence theorems. The results presented in this paper improve and extend the corresponding ones of H.-K. Xu and R. Ori, 2001, Z. Opial, 1967, and others.</p