Sino–Bangla Bilateral Trade (Trade Analysis and Future Development)

Association between Bangladesh and China started long time ago but it get a pace when both the countries started bilateral relationships and trading. In 2010, the leaders from two countries declared to make closer comprehensive partnership of cooperation. The bilateral relationship between Bangladesh and China has maintained a good momentum of development since 2013. This paper analyzed the effect of current trade patterns, regional scenario and trade relations between China and Bangladesh and proposed the counter measures for improving further development. It also describes the strong products and sectors of trade in between these two countries which indicates the future of development sectors too. Keywords: SINO-BANGLA trade statistics, Trade effect, Trade Developmen

DOES FDI PROMOTE PEACE? A Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Global Peace

Peace is a superlative form of pleasant and harmonious atmosphere, cause happiness all over the globe. Global peace is chimerical plans of terrestrial non-violence through nations enthusiastically cooperate by means of voluntarily or by virtue of a system of governance which prevents conflict between nations. Nowadays some new thesis and theories regarding promotion of global peace are on-going in the world. Not only world trade being dependent on global peace, previously, global peace and concord may be influenced and brought nearer to reality through escalating world trade unlike in the past theories where trade was a function of global peace. In this study we discuss that can peace may be the function of trade, can it be used to exterminate terrorism and develop harmony among nations. In this article, we concentrate and evaluate various studies on this issue. It is common understanding that global trade thrives well during peacetime but here we argue that global peace prosper well during enhanced global trade. We should also recognize the important role that trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) engage as a main catalyst in fabricating and procuring peace. International trade brings entities and individuals together by means of motivation and business. This interaction provides not only, mutual gain allied with business relationships but also promotes relationships and mutual understandings. Global peace and prosperity based on these foundations. In this modern age most theologists believe that "trade naturally promotes peace," In contrast, a number of economists and political scientists strongly advocate the concept that “trade leads to peace”. This article develops a critical framework concluding that higher gains from trade among two trading nations suppress the level of conflict between them. Keywords: International trade, Foreign Direct Investment, Conflict and Global peac

CAFTA: China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, Implications on Trade and Development

Until 2013, Association of southeast Asian nations (ASEAN) is China’s third largest trading partner globally and the largest trading partner among all developing countries as well as Asian countries, while China is ASEAN’s first trading partner. Since 1990s China and ASEAN become progressively closer in bilateral trade. With the exception of 2009, due to world economic crisis, bilateral trade amount has been increasing frequently, remarkably, after 2010, when the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) established. This paper analyzed the effect of current regional scenario and trade relations between China-ASEAN and proposed the countermeasures for improving further development. Keywords: China, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA

Bioequivalence evaluation of two capsule formulations of amoxicillin in healthy adult male bangladeshi volunteers: A single-dose, randomized, open-label, two-period crossover study

AbstractBackground: Amoxicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic, is widely prescribed in Bangladesh due to its extended spectrum and its rapid and extensive oral absorption with good tolerability. Although a number of generic oral formulations of amoxicillin are available in Bangladesh, a study of the bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic properties of these formulations has not yet been conducted in a Bangladeshi population.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of 2 formulations of amoxicillin 500-mg capsules (test, SK-mox®; reference, Amoxil-Bencard®) using serum data.Methods: This single-dose, randomized, open-label, 2-period crossover study was conducted in healthy male subjects in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. Subjects were assigned to receive the test or the reference drug as a single-dose, 500-mg capsule under fasting conditions after a 1-week washout period. After oral administration, blood samples were collected and analyzed for amoxicillin concentration using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using a noncompartmental method. The formulations were considered bioequivalent if the natural log-transformed ratios of pharmacokinetic parameters were within the predetermined equivalence range of 80% to 125%, according to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requirement.Results: Twenty-four healthy adult male Bangladeshi volunteers (mean [SD] age, 26.92 [3.37] years; age range, 23–34 years; mean [SD] body mass index, 23.O9 [1.58] kg/m2) participated in the study. Using serum data, the values obtained for the test and reference formulations, respectively, were as follows: Cmax, 9.85 (2.73) and 10.63 (2.12) μg/mL; Tmax, 1.29 (0.58) and 1.33 (0.49) hours; and AUC0–12, 27.09 (7.62) and 28.56 (6.30) μg/mL · h−1. No period, sequence, or formulation effects were observed; however, significant variation was found among subjects with regard to AUC0–12 (P < 0.001), AUC0−∞ (P = 0.002), area under the moment curve (AUMC) from 0 to 12 hours (P < 0.001), and AUMC0−∞ (P = 0.017). All CIs for the parameters measured were within the FDA-accepted limits of 80% to 125%.Conclusion: The present study suggests that the test 500-mg amoxicillin capsule was bioequivalent to the reference 500-mg capsule according to the FDA regulatory definition, in this population of healthy adult male Bangladeshi volunteers

Energy production-income-carbon emissions nexus in the perspective of N.A.F.T.A. and B.R.I.C. nations: a dynamic panel data approach

This paper has attempted to examine the impact of innovation and energy production (i. e., oil, natural gas, and coal) on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (E.K.C.) hypothesis. Data were analysed for economies in B.R.I.C. (Brazil, India, Russia, and China) and North American Free Trade Agreement (N.A.F.T.A.) (the U.S., Canada, and Mexico) from 1992 to 2016. Based on the Hausman specification test, the panel mean group (P.M.G.) estimation approach was adopted. The empirical results suggested that an upsurge in coal and oil production has increased, while the gas production has disrupted CO2e in the long run. An insignificant yet positive relationship was observed between innovation and CO2e. The positive effect of per capita income and the negative effect of per capita income (square) on CO2e validated the presence of the E.K.C. hypothesis in the sampled economies. With the results showing an acute over-dependency on carbon-intensive energy sources (coal and oil), an imminent need exists for production of natural gas; at the same time, more investments are needed for exploration of low carbon-intensive renewable energy sources for environmental sustainability

Important Factors to Remember when Constructing a Cross-site Scripting Prevention Mechanism

Web application has become an essential part of daily activities to provide easy accessibility that ensures better performance. It is a platform where sensitive information such as username, password, credit card details, operating system and software version etc. is stored that attracts intruders to generate most of their attacks. Intruders can steal valuable data by compromising web application security flaws; Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability is one of these. Several studies have been conducted in order to prevent the XSS vulnerability. In this research, we searched Scopus Indexed articles published in the last 11 years (between 2008 and 2020) using two keywords (“XSS Attack Prevention” and “XSS Prevention”). The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review on XSS prevention techniques e.g. strengths and weaknesses, including structural issues and real-time deployment location in order to extract valuable information. This review identified 14 articles among the 25 selected articles that provided various suitable prevention techniques for XSS attacks. Seven articles are based on tools that have been implemented and take into account design, coding, testing, and integrating validation processes, six articles are about server site solutions, and one is about automatic mitigation solutions. As a result, this research will be invaluable in guiding the advancement of XSS prevention techniques

Feasibility analysis of floating photovoltaic power plant in Bangladesh: A case study in Hatirjheel Lake, Dhaka

The installation of large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) power plants is a solution to mitigate the national energy demand in Bangladesh. However, the land crisis is one of the key challenges for the rapid growth of ground-mounted LSPV plants in Bangladesh. The per unit cost of energy from ground-mounted PV systems is rising as a response to numerous difficulties, particularly for large-scale electricity generation. To overcome the issues with land-based PV, the floating photovoltaic (FPV) could be a viable solution. To the aspirations of the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA), this article has investigated the feasibility of constructing a floating solar plant at Hatirjheel Lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The lake is an excellent spot to build an FPV plant due to its geographic location and climatic conditions inside the capital city. In this paper, the design of the plant and tariff are carried out using the PVsyst simulator. It is found that the optimum cost of energy for the plant is $ 0.0959/KWh, which is lesser than the currently operational ground-mounted PV plants in Bangladesh. Additionally, the projected 6.7 MW plant can meet 12.5 % of the local energy demand. Furthermore, the FPV plant is capable to cut off 6685 tons of CO2 annually. A reduction in power costs and environmental protection would assist the government of Bangladesh in achieving the sustainable development goals and electricity generation target of 6000 MW from solar photovoltaics by 2041 as well

The Effects of Non-Uniformly-Aged Photovoltaic Array on Mismatch Power Loss: A Practical Investigation towards Novel Hybrid Array Configurations

One of the most important causes of a reduction in power generation in PV panels is the non-uniform aging of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The increase in the current–voltage (I–V) mismatch among the array modules is the primary cause of this kind of degradation. There have been several array configurations investigated over the years to reduce mismatch power loss (MPL) caused by shadowing, but there have not been any experimental studies that have specifically examined the impact of various hybrid array topologies taking PV module aging into consideration. This research examines the influence of the non-uniform aging scenario on the performance of solar PV modules with various interconnection strategies. Experiments have been carried out on a 4 × 10, 400 W array with 12 possible configurations, including three proposed configurations (LD-TCT, SP-LD, and LD-SP), to detect the electrical characteristics of a PV system. Finally, the performances of different module configurations are analyzed where the newly proposed configurations (SP-LD and LD-SP) show 15.80% and 15.94% higher recoverable energy (RE), respectively, than the most-adopted configuration (SP). Moreover, among the twelve configurations, the SP configuration shows the highest percentage of MPL, which is about 17.96%, whereas LD-SP shows the lowest MPL at about 4.88%

The effects of non-uniformly-aged photovoltaic array on mismatch power loss : A practical investigation towards novel hybrid array configurations

One of the most important causes of a reduction in power generation in PV panels is the non-uniform aging of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The increase in the current–voltage (I–V) mismatch among the array modules is the primary cause of this kind of degradation. There have been several array configurations investigated over the years to reduce mismatch power loss (MPL) caused by shadowing, but there have not been any experimental studies that have specifically examined the impact of various hybrid array topologies taking PV module aging into consideration. This research examines the influence of the non-uniform aging scenario on the performance of solar PV modules with various interconnection strategies. Experiments have been carried out on a 4 × 10, 400 W array with 12 possible configurations, including three proposed configurations (LD-TCT, SP-LD, and LD-SP), to detect the electrical characteristics of a PV system. Finally, the performances of different module configurations are analyzed where the newly proposed configurations (SP-LD and LD-SP) show 15.80% and 15.94% higher recoverable energy (RE), respectively, than the most-adopted configuration (SP). Moreover, among the twelve configurations, the SP configuration shows the highest percentage of MPL, which is about 17.96%, whereas LD-SP shows the lowest MPL at about 4.88%

Construction of copy number variation landscape and characterization of associated genes in a Bangladeshi cohort of neurodevelopmental disorders

Introduction: Copy number variations (CNVs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) among children. In this study, we aim to identify clinically relevant CNVs, genes and their phenotypic characteristics in an ethnically underrepresented homogenous population of Bangladesh. Methods: We have conducted chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for 212 NDD patients with male to female ratio of 2.2:1.0 to identify rare CNVs. To identify candidate genes within the rare CNVs, gene constraint metrics [i.e., “Critical-Exon Genes (CEGs)”] were applied to the population data. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2) was followed in a subset of 95 NDD patients to assess the severity of autism and all statistical tests were performed using the R package. Results: Of all the samples assayed, 12.26% (26/212) and 57.08% (121/212) patients carried pathogenic and variant of uncertain significance (VOUS) CNVs, respectively. While 2.83% (6/212) patients’ pathogenic CNVs were found to be located in the subtelomeric regions. Further burden test identified females are significant carriers of pathogenic CNVs compared to males (OR = 4.2; p = 0.0007). We have observed an increased number of Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within cases with 23.85% (26/109) consanguineous parents. Our analyses on imprinting genes show, 36 LOH variants disrupting 69 unique imprinted genes and classified these variants as VOUS. ADOS-2 subset shows severe social communication deficit (p = 0.014) and overall ASD symptoms severity (p = 0.026) among the patients carrying duplication CNV compared to the CNV negative group. Candidate gene analysis identified 153 unique CEGs in pathogenic CNVs and 31 in VOUS. Of the unique genes, 18 genes were found to be in smaller (<1 MB) focal CNVs in our NDD cohort and we identified PSMC3 gene as a strong candidate gene for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Moreover, we hypothesized that KMT2B gene duplication might be associated with intellectual disability. Conclusion: Our results show the utility of CMA for precise genetic diagnosis and its integration into the diagnosis, therapy and management of NDD patients