Kajian Awal Prospek Bahan Galian Monasit Di Kendawangan Kalimantan Barat

Daerah Kendawangan termasuk dalam cakupan area geologi regional Ketapang yang teridentifikasi mengandung endapan mineral radioaktif berupa monasit yang mengandung uranium (U), thorium (Th) dan unsur tanah jarang (REE). Hasil analisis butir contoh mineral berat menunjukkan kandungan butiran mineral monasit mencapai 63% dan zirkon mencapai 40%, hasil analisis butiran dari contoh batuan terdapat contoh mengandung monasit 0,11%. Kajian ini dilakukan terhadap data sekuder yang mencakup aspek geologi, batuan sumber, perangkap dan interpretasi sebaran endapan plaser mineral berat mengandung monasit dan zirkon. Tujuan yang ingin diperoleh adalah karakter geologi dan sebaran sumberdaya bahan galian monasit dan zircon. Batuan sumber bahan galian monasit, berupa granit berumur 77–15 juta (Yura – Kapur Akhir), termasuk tipe S dari kelompok granit alkali yang terbentuk pada fasa pegmatitik (pegmatitic stage) yang terdefrensiasi tingkat lanjut pada suhu 550 °C–600 °C. Granit mempunyai nilai radioaktivitas anomali 400 c/s - 9200 c/s dengan mineral penciri berupa K-felspar, kuarsa dan plagioklas, mineral penyerta berupa thorit, monasit, zirkon dan alanit. Kadar uranium batuan granit berkisar dari 2,5 ppm - 64,8 ppm. Sebaran lateral endapan plaser aluvial mengandung monasit menempati dataran lembah banjir antar perbukitan, mengkuti pola sebaran batuan granit. Daerah prospek monasit terletak pada dataran lembah banjir seluas 225.040 Ha terdistribusi di daerah aliran sungai (DAS) Sungai Kendawangan (107.800 Ha), DAS Sungai Airtanah dingin (27.610 Ha), DAS Sungai Tapah (42.010 Ha) dan DAS Sungai Naning (45.010 Ha). Daerah potensial tersebut merupakan target prospeksi bahan galian pada tahap penelitian lapangan selanjutnya. Kendawangan areas is included in the regional geological coverage area of Ketapang that is identified have monazite deposits with radioactive minerals contain is uranium (U), thorium (Th) and rare earth element (REE). Results of grain counting analysis shows the content of the mineral monazite and zircon in heavy mineral grains reached 63% to 40% (of total grains), the analysis of rock samples contained grains of 0.11% monazite. The study was conducted on secondary data covering aspects of geology, source rock, traps and interpretation of heavy mineral distribution placer contain monazite and zircon. Objectives to be obtained is information about the character of the geology and distribution of monazite mineral resources with Thorium-contain and zircon. Source rock of monazite minerals is a granite 77-150 million age (Jurassic - Late Cretaceous), including the S type of the alkaline granites, formed in pegmatitic stage which advanced differentiated at a temperature 550-6000C. The anomalous radioactivity of Granite has a value of 400 c/s-9200 c/s with the characterized minerals are K-feldspar, quartz and plagioclase, minerals accompanying the form as thorite, monazite, zircon and alanite. Uranium range of the granitic rocks is 2.5 ppm - 64.8 ppm. The lateral distribution of alluvial deposits containing monazite placer occupy at flood plains valley between of hilly land area 225,040 Ha, obeying the distribution pattern of granitic rocks. Monazite propek area lies in the valley flood plain of the watershed at Sungai Kendawangan (107,800 Ha), Sungai Airtanah dingin (27,610 Ha), Sungai Tapah (42,010 Ha) dan Sungai Naning (45,010 Ha).The potential is area target to ore deposit prospection at the next stage field investigation

Karakter Pertumbuhan Dan Aktivitas Nitrifikasi Kultur Mikroba N-Sw

The growth character and nitrification activity of nitrifying cultures (N-Sw). Theculture of nitrifiers (N-Sw) was obtained from acclimated sludge of sawit palm oil industrywastewater. The growth and nitrification activity of those cultures were investigated.The result shows that the growth and nitrification activity attained optimum at pH 7-8,and temperature of 30 0C. The culture of nitrifiers was still growing at pH 5, but thenitrification activity was not detected. The growth of nitrifiers and the nitrification activitywas inhibited at 40 0C. The ammonium conversion rate reached 0,088-0,090 mg NNH4+/L/hour/g biomass. The rate of ammonium conversion in the bioreactor increasedto 0.630 mg N-NH4+/L/hour/g biomass as the pH maintained at 7.5-8 and dissolvedoxygen at 3-4 mg/l O2

Interpretasi Bawah Permukaan Berdasarkan Distribusi Nilai Tahanan Jenis di Daerah Puspiptek, Serpong

Kawasan Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (PUSPIPTEK) Serpong memiliki luas 460 hektar. Sebagian besar kawasan ini merupakan ruang terbuka hijau. Seiring dengan pertumbuhan kegiatan penelitian, kebutuhan sarana infrastruktur dan bangunan juga akan semakin meningkat. Sebagai sarana strategis nasional, diperlukan desin bangunan yang kokoh untuk dan sesuai dengan kondisi bawah permukaan. Survey geolistrik dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui kondisi/informasi di bawah permukaan tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperoleh gambaran di bawah permukaan berdasarkan distribusi nilai geolistrik tahanan jenis di area rencana pembangunan Reaktor Daya Eksperimen (RDE). Pengambilan data tahanan jenis menggunakan alat ukur resistivitymeter multichannel tipe MAE X612EM+ secara 2-D menggunakan 48 channel konfigurasi Wenner-Schlumberger. Jumlah elektroda yang digunakan adalah 48 buah dengan interval jarak antar elektroda 5 m. Berdasarkan pemodelan inversi 2-D telah dihasilkan empat model penampang lintasan yaitu line-1, line 2, line-3, dan line-4. Kesalahan data di tiap lintasan relatif kecil, kurang dari 12%. Interpretasi geologi dilakukan pada pada penampang line-2 dan line-3 menggambarkan keberadaan lapisan A, B, dan C. Lapisan A diduga berupa batuan dengan ukuran butir lempung-lanau yang mengandung material organik dengan rentang nilai tahanan jenis 2-20 ohm-m dan variasi ketebalan sekitar 1-7 m. Lapisan B diduga berupa batupasir yang memiliki rentang nilai tahanan jenis 10-90 ohm-m dengan variasi ketebalan 5-20 m. Lapisan C diduga merupakan batulempung yang memiliki rentang nilai tahanan jenis 2-5000 ohm-m dengan variasi kedalaman 10-20 m

Studi Deposit Monasit Dan Zirkon Dalam Batuan Kuarter Di Daerah Cerucuk Belitung

Secara geologis daerah penelitian terletak dalam sebaran granit dalam satu jalur timah Malaysia, Bangka-Belitung, Karimata yang mengandung mineral monasit. Monasit, adalah salah satu mineral radioaktif yang mengandung uranium (U), thorium (Th), unsur tanah jarang (REE) dalam ikatan phospat. Konsentrat mineral berat yang mengandung monasit 2,719 % memiliki nilai radioaktivitas 3000 c/s. Analisis petrografi batuan granit mengandung mineral monasit 1-2 % dengan radioaktivitas 200 – 400 c/s. Berdasarkan pertimbangan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui daerah prospek sebaran monasit dan zirkon pada area 100 km2. Hasil penelitian di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan monasit terdapat dalam pasir dan lempung sebagai endapan aluvial yang berasal batuan granit. Indikasi tersebut tercermin pada hasil pengukuran radioaktivitas soil/ aluvial berkisar antara 50 – 375 c/s, pengukuran radioaktivitas mineral berat (MB) berkisar antara 50 – 150 c/s pada beberapa titik lokasi ditemukan nilai radioaktivitas tinggi berkisar antara 250 – 1.000 c/s dengan nilai latar 25 – 150 c/s, memiliki kadar Th (100 – 6.545 ppm) dan kadar U (15 – 639,4 ppm). Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah potensial monasit dan zirkon seluas 31.680.000 m2. Geologically the study area lies in the distribution of granite in a single lane of Malaysian tin, Bangka-Billiton, Karimata which is containing monazite mineral monazite.Monazite is one of the radioactive minerals containing uranium (U), thorium (Th), rare earth element (REE) in phosphate bonds. Heavy minerals sample that containing monazite 2.719% has radioactivity value until 3000 c/s. Petrographic analysis of granitic rocks contain minerals monazite 1-2% with radioactivity 200-400 c/s. Based on these considerations, it is necessary to for further research in the development and assessment of prospects for mineral monazite. The Objectives to be achieved isobjective to be achieved is to localize the prospect area distribution of monazite and zircon in the area of ​​100 km2. The results of field studies showed that the presence of monazite contained in the sand, clay as alluvial deposits derived granitic rocks. Indications are reflected in the results of radioactivity measurements of soil / alluvial ranged between 50-375 c/s, measurement of radioactivity of heavy minerals (MB) ranged between 50-150 c/s at some point discovered the location of high radioactivity values ​​ ranged between 250-1000 c/s with background value of 25-150 c/s and dan contains Th (100 – 6.545 ppm) serta contains U (15 – 639,4 ppm). The results show that in the study area indicates that the potential for monazite and zircon area ​​31,680,000 m2

Interpretasi Deposit Uranium Berdasarkan Data Tahanan Jenis Dan Polarisasi Terinduksi Di Sektor Rabau Hulu

Daerah Rabau Hulu, Kalan, Kalimantan Barat merupakan daerah potensial uranium yang telah dieksplorasi secara detil dengan berbagai metode. Metode tahanan jenis dan polarisasi terinduksi dapat diterapkan dalam eksplorasi deposit uranium yang mineralisasinya berasosiasi dengan mineral sulfida. Pengolahan, analisis, dan interpretasi data tahanan jenis dan polarisasi terinduksi dilakukan untuk dapat mengidentifikasi sebaran deposit uranium dan litologi batuan di daerah penelitian. Deposit uranium di daerah Rabau Hulu pada umumnya berasosiasi dengan sulfida, turmalin, dan terdapat dalam batuan favourable. Indikasi mineralisasi uranium dijumpai dalam bentuk-bentuk tidak teratur dan tidak merata yang terdiri atas mineral uraninit, pirit, kalkopirit, pirhotit, molibdenit, dan ilmenit. Pengambilan data menggunakan konfigurasi dipole-dipole pada area sekitar 36 hektare, terdiri atas 46 lintasan dengan panjang + 425 m. Pengambilan data polarisasi terinduksi dalam kawasan frekuensi dengan titik dan lintasan yang sama dengan data tahanan jenis. Pengolahan data menghasilkan nilai tahanan jenis dan faktor logam yang selanjutnya dibuat penampang 2 dimensi. Penentuan nilai tahanan jenis dan polarisasi terinduksi dilakukan dengan mengkorelasi data sumur bor dengan hasil pengolahan data. Tahanan jenis pada zona deposit uranium bernilai kurang dari 2.000 Ωm dan nilai faktor logamnya lebih besar dari 90 mho/m. Zona deposit uranium ini semakin meluas seiring dengan kedalaman. Distribus deposit uranium berarah barat daya–timur laut dan berbentuk lensa. Rabau Hulu area, Kalan, Kalimantan Barat is a potential area of uranium that has been explored in detail by various methods. Methods of resistivity and induced polarization can be applied in the exploration of uranium deposits in which its mineralization associated with sulphide minerals. Processing, analysis, and interpretation of resistivity and induced polarization data conducted in order to identify the distribution of uranium deposits and lithology of the rocks in the study area. Uranium deposits in the area Rabau Hulu is generally associated with sulphides, tourmaline and contained in favorable rocks. Symptoms of uranium mineralization encountered in other forms of irregular and uneven consists of uraninite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, molybdenite, and ilmenite minerals. Data acquisition using dipole-dipole configuration in an area of ​​approximately 36 hectares, 46 lines along + 425 m. Acquisition of induced polarization frequency domain data which the same points and lines with resistivity data. Data processing produces resistivity and metal factor values and subsequently made two-dimensional section. Determination of resistivity and induced polarization are done by correlated boreholes data with the results of data processing. Resistivity of uranium deposits zone worth less than 2,000 Ωm and the value of metal factor greater than 90 mho/m. Uranium deposit zone is expanding along with the depth. Uranium deposits distribution trending Southwestern-Northeast and shaped lens

Penentuan Anomali Gayaberat Regional dan Residual Menggunakan Filter Gaussian Daerah Mamuju Sulawesi Barat

Gravity method is a geophysical method that has been frequently used in prospecting mineral resources. The parameter of searched object is based on variations of gravity acceleration measurements on the surface due to variations in sub-surface geological changes. Research area is located in Mamuju Area of West Sulawesi Province where tectonically a complex geological region, which is at a meeting of three large plates, the Pacific plate, the Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate and the smaller Philippine plate. In addition, Mamuju is an area with a high radioactivity dose rate that has potency to radioactive minerals resources. The purpose of the research is to obtain gravity anomalies by using qualitative separation and interpretation of regional and residual gravity anomalies. Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) value of the research area obtained from the measurements was 46.0 – 115.7 mGal. Based on the CBA map, the separation process of regional gravity anomalies and residual using Gaussian filtering technique conducted. This filtering technique works based on spectral analysis of gravity amplitude changes in spatial where the result is a cutoff wave number of 1.1736 x 10-3/meter and a wavelength of 5373.45 m. The regional and residual gravity anomalies range from 51.8 to 102 mGal and -10.4 to 14.8 mGal respectively. The depth of influence of each anomaly is calculated based on their spectral wavelengths, resulting 970.97 m and 100.21 m for regional and residual anomalies respectively. There are five zones based on the residual anomaly map, which are zones A, B, C, D and E. The heaviest positive gravity anomaly is found in zone A and B, which is predicted to be influenced by Adang lava with relative north – south distribution

Complete Rumen Modifier Supplementation in Corn Cob Silage Basal Diet of Lamb Reduces Methane Emission

Feeding animal with fibrous materials such as corn cob will emit methane. Complete rumen modifier (CRM) is an improved feed additive comprised a mixture of Sapindus rarak, sesbania, albizia leaves and minerals that functions as a methane inhibitor. The study aimed to determine the effect of CRM supplementation on the feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, methane emission and growth of lambs. The experiment was designed in a complete randomized block, four levels of CRM (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%), six group of 24 male lambs per treatment based on the body weight. Basal diet used was corn cob silage ad libitum and concentrate (500 g/day) as a supplement. The results showed that CRM supplementation did not affect feed consumption and average daily gain, but significantly decreased the dry matter, as well as organic matter and protein digestibility. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibility linearly decreased with increasing level of CRM. Ruminal pH, ammonia concentration and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were not affected by the CRM supplementation. Methane production expressed in kJ/MJ gross energy (GE) or digestible energy (DE) intake significantly decreased by 32% at the 2–3% CRM supplementation and reduced by 39% when methane production was expressed in g/kg digested NDF. It can be concluded that 2% CRM supplementation in the corn cob basal diet did not affect nutrient intake and growth rate of the lamb, as well as rumen fermentation. The study suggests that CRM is an environmentally friendly feed additive for lam