Heterodon nasicus

Number of Pages: 10Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Global energetic neutral atom (ENA) measurements and their association with the Dst index

We present a new global magnetospheric index that measures the intensity of the Earth\u27s ring current through energetic neutral atoms (ENAs). We have named it the Global Energetic Neutral Index (GENI), and it is derived from ENA measurements obtained by the Imaging Proton Spectrometer (IPS), part of the Comprehensive Energetic Particle and Pitch Angle Distribution (CEPPAD) experiment on the POLAR satellite. GENI provides a simple orbit-independent global sum of ENAs measured with IPS. Actual ENA measurements for the same magnetospheric state look different when seen from different points in the POLAR orbit. In addition, the instrument is sensitive to weak ion populations in the polar cap, as well as cosmic rays. We have devised a method for removing the effects of cosmic rays and weak ion fluxes, in order to produce an image of “pure” ENA counts. We then devised a method of normalizing the ENA measurements to remove the orbital bias effect. The normalized data were then used to produce the GENI. We show, both experimentally and theoretically the approximate proportionality between the GENI and the Dst index. In addition we discuss possible implications of this relation. Owing to the high sensitivity of IPS to ENAs, we can use these data to explore the ENA/Dst relationship not only during all phases of moderate geomagnetic storms, but also during quiescent ring current periods

Charge exchange contribution to the decay of the ring current, measured by energetic neutral atoms (ENAs)

In this paper we calculate the contribution of charge exchange to the decay of the ring current. Past works have suggested that charge exchange of ring current protons is primarily responsible for the decay of the ring current during the late recovery phase, but there is still much debate about the fast decay of the early recovery phase. We use energetic neutral atom (ENA) measurements from Polar to calculate the total ENA energy escape. To get the total ENA escape we apply a forward modeling technique, and to estimate the total ring current energy escape we use the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relationship. We find that during the late recovery phase of the March 10, 1998 storm ENAs with energies greater than 17.5 keV can account for 75% of the estimated energy loss from the ring current. During the fast recovery the measured ENAs can only account for a small portion of the total energy loss. We also find that the lifetime of the trapped ions is significantly shorter during the fast recovery phase than during the late recovery phase, suggesting that different processes are operating during the two phases

Suprathermal electron isotropy in high-beta solar wind and its role in heat flux dropouts

[1] Time variations in plasma beta and a parameter which measures isotropy in suprathermal electron pitch angle distributions show a remarkably close correspondence throughout the solar wind. The finding implies that high-beta plasma, with its multiple magnetic holes and sharp field and plasma gradients, is conducive to electron pitch-angle scattering, which reduces heat flux from the Sun without field-line disconnection. Thus the finding impacts our understanding of signatures we use to determine magnetic topology in the heliosphere

Liquid Phase Behaviour in Nonstoichiometric Calcium-Doped Lanthanum Chromites

The sinter ability of (La,Ca)CrO3 is analyzed by comparing the liquid phase behavior in A-site excess and A-site deficient compositions (referring to the ABO3 formula). The analysis shows that a series of A-site excess and deficient compositions form distinct liquid phases belonging to the CaO-Cr2O3 phase system. Although both series experience grain growth and densification due to the presence of a liquid phase, the A-site excess compositions exhibit greater shrinkage and sinter to closed porosity, whereas the A-site deficient compositions remain porous. During the final stages of sintering, surplus liquid from the A-site excess material exudes to the free-surface forming a layer of uniform thickness. By comparison, the liquid in the A-site deficient composition segregates to the free-surface forming islands and leaving porous regions in the bulk matrix. It is concluded that the different liquid phase compositions in the A-site excess and A-site deficient (La,Ca)CrO3 have dissimilar wetting characteristics during the later stages of sintering. The A-site deficient liquid forms a premature solid phase, which accounts for the difference in sintering behavior. © 1996 Chapman & Hall

Multipoint, high time resolution galactic cosmic ray observations associated with two interplanetary coronal mass ejections

[1] Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) play an important role in our understanding of the interplanetary medium (IPM). The causes of their short timescale variations, however, remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we compare high time resolution, multipoint space-based GCR data to explore structures in the IPM that cause these variations. To ensure that features we see in these data actually relate to conditions in the IPM, we look for correlations between the GCR time series from two instruments onboard the Polar and INTEGRAL (International Gamma Ray Astrophysical Laboratory) satellites, respectively inside and outside Earth\u27s magnetosphere. We analyze the period of 18–24 August 2006 during which two interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) passed Earth and produced a Forbush decrease (Fd) in the GCR flux. We find two periods, for a total of 10 h, of clear correlation between small-scale variations in the two GCR time series during these 7 days, thus demonstrating that such variations are observable using space-based instruments. The first period of correlation lasted 6 h and began 2 h before the shock of the first ICME passed the two spacecraft. The second period occurred during the initial decrease of the Fd, an event that did not conform to the typical one- or two-step classification of Fds. We propose that two planar magnetic structures preceding the first ICME played a role in both periods: one structure in driving the first correlation and the other in initiating the Fd

First energetic neutral atom images from Polar

Energetic neutral atoms are created when energetic magnetospheric ions undergo charge exchange with cold neutral atoms in the Earth\u27s tenuous extended atmosphere (the geocorona). Since they are unaffected by the Earth\u27s magnetic field, these energetic neutrals travel away in straight line trajectories from the points of charge exchange. The remote detection of these particles provides a powerful means through which the global distribution and properties of the geocorona and ring current can be inferred. Due to its 2 × 9 RE polar orbit, the Polar spacecraft provides an excellent platform from which to observe ENAs because it spends much of its time in the polar caps which are usually free from the contaminating energetic charged particles that make observations of ENAs more difficult. In this brief report, we present the first ENA imaging results from Polar. Storm-time ENA images are presented for a northern polar cap apogee pass on August 29, 1996 and for a southern polar cap perigee pass on October 23, 1996. As well, we show with a third event (July 31, 1996) that ENA emissions can also be detected in association with individual substorm

Heliospheric plasma sheets

[1] As a high-beta feature on scales of hours or less, the heliospheric plasma sheet (HPS) encasing the heliospheric current sheet shows a high degree of variability. A study of 52 sector boundaries identified in electron pitch angle spectrograms in Wind data from 1995 reveals that only half concur with both high-beta plasma and current sheets, as required for an HPS. The remaining half lack either a plasma sheet or current sheet or both. A complementary study of 37 high-beta events reveals that only 5 contain sector boundaries while nearly all (34) contain local magnetic field reversals, however brief. We conclude that high-beta plasma sheets surround current sheets but that most of these current sheets are associated with fields turned back on themselves. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that high-beta plasma sheets, both at and away from sector boundaries, are the heliospheric counterparts of the small coronal transients observed at the tips of helmet streamers, in which case the proposed mechanism for their release, interchange reconnection, could be responsible for the field inversions