Antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of four Saudi Arabia date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties

Antioxidants as free radical scavengers can combat the oxidative stress that occurs in the body to prevent chronic diseases. Therefore, antioxidant rich foods have a high demand among the healthcare consumers to maintain healthy lifestyle. One of the most potential fruit that are expected to contain high antioxidant compound is Phoenix dactylifera that have a lot of varieties. This study was intended to investigate the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and phenolic profiles of four varieties of P. dactylifera (Khudori, Sabaka, Nabtat Ali and Soukari). The fleshes of the fruit were extracted using ethanol as the solvent using soxhlet. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by using Folin-Ciocalteu calorimetric method and the antioxidant activity was determined by using the 2,2,diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method. Some phenolic acid and flavonoids profiles of the fruit (gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and quercetin) were analyzed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). TPC of the fruit was in the range of 5.8 to 3.8 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 1 g of fruit with Soukari have the highest value. As for the antioxidant activity, Soukari need the lowest concentration (27.41 ± 1.68 mg/ml) to achieve half inhibition concentration (IC50 ) whereas Khudori need the highest concentration among the four. The HPLC result shows significantly higher amount of gallic acid (15.35 to 8.56 mg/g), and very small amount of ferulic acid (0.19 to 0.006 mg/g) where Soukari have the highest value for all of the compounds. This study demonstrates Soukari variety might possessed the highest antioxidant capacities among the four. Further study by using advanced and green extraction method need to be carried out to comprehend and confirm the potential of this fruit to be developed as nutraceutical and functional food. Keywords: Pheonix dactylifera, Antioxidant, Phenolic profile, HPLC

Biological activities and extraction technologies of Pheonix dactylifera: a review.

Date palm (Pheonix dactylifera L.) has long been known for its medical benefits. In this review, the therapeutic properties of P. dactylifera are presented in light of the analysis of huge past reviews that reported the bioactivities of both flesh and seed of this fruit. The reported bioactivities of P. dactylifera included antioxidants, anti-cancer, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic properties. This review additionally highlights the extraction technologies (Soxhlet, maceration, heat under reflux, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave assisted extraction) that were utilized as part of the extraction of P. dactylifera. This is because the quality and amount of the extraction yield depend on the extraction technology used. Accordingly, this review aims for underlining the potentials of P. dactylifera by compiling available data on the bioactivities and extraction technologies used to set the directions for the improvement of future research of this fruit

Antioxidant capacities and phenolic profile of four Saudi Arabia date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties

Antioxidant is the compound that inhibits oxidation or chain reactions caused by free radicals. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is among the antioxidant rich fruit that have hundreds varieties around the globe with different composition. This study was intended to investigate the four varieties of Saudi Arabia date (Khudori, Sabaka, Nabtat Ali and Soukari) that has highest antioxidants and phenolic compound to be potentially developed as nutraceutical and functional food. The fleshes of the fruit were extracted using soxhlet extraction with ethanol as the solvent. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the four selected varieties of Saudi Arabia date were measured by using the Folin–Ciocalteu calorimetric method. Some phenolic acid and flavonoids profiles of the date varieties, (gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and quercetin) were analyzed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All four varieties of the dates showed positive phytochemical screening result for the present of flavonoid, terpenoid and saponin. The total phenolic content of the date was in the range of 8.84 to 4.43 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100g of fruit with soukari have the highest value. The HPLC result shows the phenolic profile of the varieties were found to contain significantly higher amount of Gallic acid (15.35 to 8.56 mg/g), p-coumaric (2.84 to 1.61 mg/g), quercetin (4.12 to 1.07 mg/g) and very small amount of ferulic acid (0.19 to 0.006 mg/g) with soukari have the highest value for all of the compounds. This study demonstrates Soukari variety possessed the strongest antioxidant capacities and highest phenolic profile content among the four

Phytochemical composition, biological activities and processing method of genus anisophyllea: a review

Anisophyllea disticha is one of the species of genus Anisophyllea that is not pharmacologically investigated despite its high utilization by the folklore. Leaf, stem and root of this plant are being used especially in treating diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, refreshing men’s body, revitalizing the birth canal of women after delivering the baby as well as relieving weariness and body aches. The medicinal properties of A. disticha are predicted based on a literature review that provides information on secondary metabolites present and biological activities of this genus. The most reported biological activities comprise of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and DNA damaging activity. From the previous studies, it can be observed that the extraction of bioactive components from this genus has been conducted using conventional method such as maceration, percolation and soxhlet. In this review, phytochemical contents, bioactivities and the methods of extraction of bioactive compounds from genus Anisophyllea have been broadly discussed. The advantages, as well as disadvantages of both conventional and non-conventional extraction methods have also been explained. Therefore, the extraction using non-conventional method like supercritical fluid extraction could provide the opportunity to obtain highly purified chemical constituents with potential in the application of various fields