Low and Medium Calorific Value Gasification Gas Combustion in IC Engines

Higher hydrogen to carbon ratio of gasification gases produced from solid fuels has been utilized in internal combustion engines (ICE) since long ago. Advancements in the conversion technologies and the abundant availability of solid fuels added with advancements in the technology of gas engines and their fuelling system have renewed the interest and are believed to be transition fuels from carbon based to hydrogen based. Over the past 30 years, there were many trials to bring back the gasification gas technology in ICE. This study is mainly focused on the investigation of technical challenges with lower and medium calorific value gasification gases in IC engines The range of operation of these fuels is found to be influenced by available injection duration and injector pulse width in direct-injection spark-ignition engines. The lower calorific value of these gases also make them less competitive to CNG and H2 in the dual fueling in CI engine even though they have better advantage in the emissions. Furthermore, red glow color deposit was spotted on the surface of the combustion chamber after short running on all fuels that was resulted from decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) contaminants

COMBUSTION, PERFORMANCE, AND EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNGASES IN A DIRECT-INJECTION SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE

Syngas from biomass gasification is a carbon neutral fuel. It was in use at the WWII era before being replaced by gasoline. This fuel is hypothesized technically and economically competitive to compressed natural gas (CNG) for use as a fuel in modern spark-ignition (SI) engines. However, such fuel has never been investigated in direct-injection (OJ) Sl engines. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of different syngases. A four-stoke, single-cylinder, Dl Sl engine originally designed for CNG was used at wide open throttle position for speeds ranging from 1500-2400 rev/min. The ignition advance was set at maximum brake torque (MBT)

Indoor Air Quality Evaluation of Commercial Buildings In Kuantan

This work focuses on indoor air quality evaluation of commercial buildings in Kuantan. Some buildings have been selected to monitor indoor air quality. The research has been carried out only in Kuantan, which focused on hotels and government buildings. Some sample measurements were taken which include air temperature, relative humidity, and air movement, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), respirable particulate matter (PM 10), formaldehyde and total volatile organic compound (TVOC). In addition, questionnaires were conducted on a number of workers in each building to determine the level of health and illness caused by air in the building where they work. Hence, this study has analyzed the link between the questioner results and the results of indoor air measurements that were carried out. From surveys, it appears there are four buildings that have low air flow, four buildings have a lot of dust and five buildings have a high temperature. In contrast, four buildings have a good indoor air quality

Syngas generation from thermochemical conversion of locally available biomass waste for automotive

The growth of the world population as well as the ever-advancing development of the developing countries into industrialized countries leads to an increasing demand for energy and raw materials. As energy production increases, the emissions emitted increase as well. To counteract this pollution, the states adopt measures to reduce air pollution. The car industry is also affected. Lowering both, CO and NOX is the challenge. One possibility for the internal combustion engine is the use of alternative fuels to achieve this goal. These can reduce the emissions incurred. One alternative fuel is synthetic gas which consist primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and often carbon dioxide. Using this gas the unburned hydrocarbons will decrease and an increase in thermal efficiency is to observe. To produce syngas, there are many reforming processes, each with its own benefits and disadvantages. This project has the task of designing an inline reformer for producing syngas in a retrofitted Otto internal combustion engine with natural gas. The fuel supply of the internal combustion engine has to be completely converted to a natural gas - syngas mixture. The engines demand for fuel should inherit a maximum amount of 15% syngas which will be mixed to the prime source, natural gas, after conversion

ScienceDirect Effect of Air-fuel Ratio on the Combustion Characteristics of Syngas (H 2 :CO) in Direct-injection Spark-ignition Engine peer-review under responsibility of ICAE

Abstract This paper presents experimental results of the effect of air-fuel ratio on the combustion characteristics of a directinjection spark-ignition engine fuelled with a syngas of H 2 /CO composition of equal molar ratio. The engine was operated at fully open throttle and the start of fuel injection (SOI) was set at 180 o before top dead center (BTDC). The spark advance was set to the minimum advance for a maximum brake torque. The experiment was conducted at lean mixture conditions with engine speed ranging from 1500 to 2400 rev/min. The results show that syngas operated under wider operation excess air ratio (λ) as compared to CNG at the same engine speed. The minimum ignition advance for maximum brake torque and combustion duration were observed to increase with an increase in λ. The effect of air-fuel ratio was more visible on the initial stage of the combustion at lower speeds while it is visible on the rapid burning stage at higher speeds. Moreover, the combustion duration was increased with an increase in engine speed

Investigation of Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsion Characteristics Produced by Ultrasonic Homogenizer

Limited studies had been conducted using water-in-diesel emulsion produced from ultrasonic homogenizing method. In this study, Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsions (WiBE) produced using ultrasonic homogenizer were characterized and studied for their physical and chemical properties through various laboratory investigations. The data were then compared with WiBE produced using mechanical homogeniser by the current researchers. Physical characterization tests were carried out on 24 WiBE emulsions produced using an ultrasonic bath, with water percentage of 9%, 12% and 15%, HLB value of 6, 7, 8 and 9, and surfactant dosage of 5% and 10%. The water droplets produced using ultrasonic homogeniser were found to be evenly distributed and generally smaller in size. The density and viscosity values of these emulsions were found to be uniformly larger than WiBE produced using mechanical homogeniser. Emulsions with 15% water exceeded the density threshold, indicating the limits of the amount of water which can be added to the biodiesel fuel. Also, it was found that for viscosity, the HLB is limited to HLB 9 for higher surfactant dosage

Investigation of Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsion Characteristics Produced by Ultrasonic Homogenizer

Limited studies had been conducted using water-in-diesel emulsion produced from ultrasonic homogenizing method. In this study, Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsions (WiBE) produced using ultrasonic homogenizer were characterized and studied for their physical and chemical properties through various laboratory investigations. The data were then compared with WiBE produced using mechanical homogeniser by the current researchers. Physical characterization tests were carried out on 24 WiBE emulsions produced using an ultrasonic bath, with water percentage of 9%, 12% and 15%, HLB value of 6, 7, 8 and 9, and surfactant dosage of 5% and 10%. The water droplets produced using ultrasonic homogeniser were found to be evenly distributed and generally smaller in size. The density and viscosity values of these emulsions were found to be uniformly larger than WiBE produced using mechanical homogeniser. Emulsions with 15% water exceeded the density threshold, indicating the limits of the amount of water which can be added to the biodiesel fuel. Also, it was found that for viscosity, the HLB is limited to HLB 9 for higher surfactant dosage

Performance and NOx emissions of a diesel engine with water injection

The emission like nitrogen oxide is an unwanted pollutant from diesel engines. One out of many methods to decrease the nitrogen oxides is the water injection. One measure to inject water into the engine is the injection into the intake manifold. The injection of the water is possible at three different locations at the investigated engine. One injection is with the airflow, the other is against the airflow and the third is towards the airflow. Water storage and the pressure supply for the injector are developed to support the injector with water under pressure. The amount of injected water is being varied from 0 to 100% water/fuel ratio in steps of 20%. Parallel to this work a simulation model of the engine is created to simulate the behaviour of the water injection. The simulation results show a decrease of the nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions as well as an increase of the performance and a decrease of the fuel consumption. These results are compared with the measurement results from the engine on the test bed. The results of the test runs show the same tendency as the simulation. The values of the simulated and measured parameters differ slightly due to estimation in the simulation model and tolerances of the measurement equipment and test bed. The temperature and the nitrogen oxide emission decrease drastically. This benefit has the drawback of an increase of the particle matter emission. The combustion process is slightly affected by the water injection. The performance parameters are very slightly affected with a little decrease of the efficiency and torque. The fuel consumption is constant with the water injection