INVESTMENT DECISIONS IN A FIRM AS THE PART OF BUSINESS FINANCIAL DECISION SYSTEM

While the tools and techniques covered in this paper are discussed anddemonstrated in details, the user must not be tempted to view them as the ends in themselves.It’s simply not enough to master the techniques alone! Financial and economic analysis isboth an analytical and judgment process which helps answering questions that have beencarefully posed in management context. The process is at its best when the analyst’s effortsare focused primarily on the structuring the issue and its context, and only secondary on thedata manipulation.Selecting the appropriate tools from the financial decisions is clearly an important part of theanalytical task. Yet, experience has shown again and again that developing a properperspective for the problem or issue is just as important as the choice of the tools themselves.Apart from the providing specific numerical answers the solutions to financial problemsand issue depends significantly on the points of view of the parties involved on the relativeimportance of the issue, and the nature and reliability of the information available.strategic perspective, decisional framework, components of analysis, economic analysismethods.

Money laundry and financial development

Abstract This study is the novel in analyzing the relationship between money laundry and financial development and also the contribution of financial development in promoting for the occurrence of illegal transactions originated from domestic or foreignmarket. Moreover, the study tried to create link between the theoretical issues of financial development and money laundry with the empirical result using a two period model. The estimation made using the General Moment Method(GMM) for the panel data from 1985 to 2008.We included six countries in our sample: Italy, Switzerland, India, China,Ethiopia and Kenya.We have used the Phillips-Perron(PP) method of testing unit root because of its advantage over the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF). To test the number of cointegrating relationships among variables or to determine whether any combinations of the variables are cointegrated,the study employed the Johansen cointegration testing approach. The basic approach uses tax variable in order to determine the illegal currency in circulation. However, in this study we used the level of financial development as a principal factor for increasing or decreasing currency in circulation. Our assumption is, the level of financial development trigger for the demand of money(circulation of money) and consequently promote the occurrence of money laundry. Our regression result exhibited the level of financial development have a significant contribution for increasing demand for money that could be used for legal and illegal transactions. In countries where well(less) financial development exist, the more(less) exposed environmentfor the occurrence of illegal transactions(i.e. money laundry).money laundry and financial development

Money laundry and financial development

Abstract This study is the novel in analyzing the relationship between money laundry and financial development and also the contribution of financial development in promoting for the occurrence of illegal transactions originated from domestic or foreignmarket. Moreover, the study tried to create link between the theoretical issues of financial development and money laundry with the empirical result using a two period model. The estimation made using the General Moment Method(GMM) for the panel data from 1985 to 2008.We included six countries in our sample: Italy, Switzerland, India, China,Ethiopia and Kenya.We have used the Phillips-Perron(PP) method of testing unit root because of its advantage over the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF). To test the number of cointegrating relationships among variables or to determine whether any combinations of the variables are cointegrated,the study employed the Johansen cointegration testing approach. The basic approach uses tax variable in order to determine the illegal currency in circulation. However, in this study we used the level of financial development as a principal factor for increasing or decreasing currency in circulation. Our assumption is, the level of financial development trigger for the demand of money(circulation of money) and consequently promote the occurrence of money laundry. Our regression result exhibited the level of financial development have a significant contribution for increasing demand for money that could be used for legal and illegal transactions. In countries where well(less) financial development exist, the more(less) exposed environmentfor the occurrence of illegal transactions(i.e. money laundry).money laundry and financial development

Organic Farming Principles and Practice in Hansta Gard Farm in Uppsala, Sweden

Green revolution of food production policy contributes to environmental degradation, green house gas emission, contamination with chemicals, water pollution and increment of antibiotic resistant disease. Such greater impact of conventional farming on climate change, environment, as well as the increasing awareness of customers to safe and healthy food leads to new thinking of sustainable agricultural approach. As a result, organic farming has been suggested as a possible solution. Now days, most Organic farms are located in Australia, USA, UK and Europe. Hånsta farm is one among the organic farms in Sweden, located in the town of Vattholma which is 20 kilo meter north of Uppsala. Hånsta  farm  has been implementing in accordance with  European Union (EU) legislation of organic farms i.e. all animals in the farm have free access to outdoor and  sufficient animals  per hectare. The farm has been doing interesting work on optimizing nutrient cycling through integrated crop livestock production system, optimized tillage system, crop rotation with legume grass lay. Furthermore, the farm is conducting interesting research projects on perennial wheat, agro forestry (forest garden) to reduce tillage frequency, efficient carbon sequestration and to bring alternative for future food production without tractors. Accordingly, Hånsta farm achieved remarkable results on biodiversity and reduction of energy consumption as well as green house gas, but still shows minus sign due to its emission of C2O, CH4 and N2O to the environment. Hence, further research is needed to reduce the emission, to confirm the uncertainties related to N2O emission, C sequestration, appropriate waste recycling and use of renewable energy source like biomass energy to replace fossil fuel. Keywords: Organic farm, climate change, green house gase

Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis among intensive care patients in Orotta national referral hospital, Asmara, Eritrea

Background: Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) with Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a major health problem with high mortality throughout the world. The patients at risk must be identified and given appropriate prophylaxis in order to decrease the mortality. Objective: To investigate and identify risk factors associated with DVT. Design: A retrospective medical chart review. Setting: Orotta National Referral Hospital, the largest teaching hospital in Eritrea. Methods: Review of medical records of all patients with final diagnosis of DVT between January 2005 and December 2008. Results: Of the 1,110 ICU admissions, 91 (8%) had lower extremity DVT. The mean age of these patients was 50 years and male to female ratio was 0.9 to 1. One or more risk factors for DVT from the following list; associated medical conditions contributed to 23 cases (25%), followed by post delivery(19%), major surgery (15%), malignancy (11%), pregnancy (6%), post trauma (6%), varicose vein (3%) and previous DVT (2%) were identified in 98% of the cases in the study population. Two or more risk factors were documented in 41% of the cases. The maximum number of DVT cases was recorded in the age-group of 30 to 39 years. In the absence of other known risk factors, age of 50 and above was observed as a risk factor in (11%) of the cases. No risk factor was identified in 2% of the cases. None of these patients had received any form of prophylaxis. Conclusion: Like elsewhere in the world, in Eritrea, DVT is a major health problem. Medical, surgical conditions and puerperium are among the most important risk factors identified. Prophylaxis against VTE was highly under utilised by the physicians and was not provided to any of the patients in the study. This study emphasizes the urgent need to implement DVT risk stratification strategy and to provide prophylaxis unless contraindicated

Farmers’ perception of dourine in selected districts of Arsi-Bale highlands of Oromia Region, Southeastern Ethiopia

In Arsi-Bale highlands, the one common factor leading to the ill health, suffering and early demise of equines is the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma equiperdum, causing dourine. Assessment of farmers’ perception of dourine was studied in selected districts of Arsi-Bale highlands of Oromia region, Southeastern Ethiopia from September 2015 to June, 2016. A standardized questionnaire survey was administered to collect relevant information from a total of 84 farmers about perception of dourine. The findings of this study disclosed that 94.1% of the respondents ranked dourine as an economically important disease of equines. Dourine, locally known as ‘Lappessa’ or ‘Dirressa’ or ‘Dugda Kuta’ which means a disease causing emaciation and paralysis of the hind legs. Since dourine is transmitted by coitus and due to the marked emaciation observed in late stages of the disease, some farmers call it ‘Horse’s AIDS’. The reported dourine suggestive signs were consistent with published reports and farmers strongly associated the occurrence of the disease with sexual contact with sick animals. Clinical signs used in the area for the diagnosis of dourine include paralysis of the hind quarter, in coordination, poor body condition, weakness, foul discharge from reproductive organs in both sexes, ventral odema. About 75% of the respondents also explained that the seasonality of the disease where long rainy periods from June to September to be peak risk months of the year. A total of 30% of the respondents a second peak is observed in the dry seasons of the year (March to May), which was probably associated with relapse of previously infected and recovered cases due to stressful conditions of feed shortage. Good knowledge of farmers’ perceptions on the disease dourine is an important prerequisite for implementing effective control implementation with active participation of animal owners.Keywords: Arsi-Bale highlands; Dourine; Ethiopia; Farmers’ perceptio

Traditional Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human and Livestock Ailments in Raya Alamata District, Northern Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, traditional medicine based mainly on medicinal plants, has been used for centuries for the treatment of human and animal health problems. The objective of this study was to document medicinal plants used to treat human and domestic animals ailments as well as the associate indigenous knowledge and conservation methods in Raya Alamata District in Northern Ethiopia. Ethno-botanical data were collected through semi-structured interviews, guided field walks, group discussions, field observations, preference ranking, paired comparison and direct matrix. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, informant consensus factor, and various ranking methods. Local communities heavily depend on traditional medicinal plants and associated knowledge for treating human and livestock ailments. However, medicinal plants and the associated knowledge are eroding mainly due to agricultural expansion, deforestation and land degradation for seeking new agricultural lands and firewood, as well as the unsustainable practices of plant or plant part sampling for medicinal values. Thus, public awareness needs to be raised among local communities and all other stakeholders on sustainable utilization and management of medicinal plant resources and the associated knowledge. On the top of that, ex-situ and in-situ conservation measures should be given particular attentions. Keywords: Medicinal plants, indigenous knowledge, human ailment, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/11-9-04 Publication date:May 31st 202