12 research outputs found
Maximizing the value of Solar System data through Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructures
Planetary spatial data returned by spacecraft, including images and
higher-order products such as mosaics, controlled basemaps, and digital
elevation models (DEMs), are of critical importance to NASA, its commercial
partners and other space agencies. Planetary spatial data are an essential
component of basic scientific research and sustained planetary exploration and
operations. The Planetary Data System (PDS) is performing the essential job of
archiving and serving these data, mostly in raw or calibrated form, with less
support for higher-order, more ready-to-use products. However, many planetary
spatial data remain not readily accessible to and/or usable by the general
science user because particular skills and tools are necessary to process and
interpret them from the raw initial state. There is a critical need for
planetary spatial data to be more accessible and usable to researchers and
stakeholders. A Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructure (PSDI) is a collection of
data, tools, standards, policies, and the people that use and engage with them.
A PSDI comprises an overarching support system for planetary spatial data.
PSDIs (1) establish effective plans for data acquisition; (2) create and make
available higher-order products; and (3) consider long-term planning for
correct data acquisition, processing and serving (including funding). We
recommend that Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructures be created for all bodies
and key regions in the Solar System. NASA, with guidance from the planetary
science community, should follow established data format standards to build
foundational and framework products and use those to build and apply PDSIs to
all bodies. Establishment of PSDIs is critical in the coming decade for several
locations under active or imminent exploration, and for all others for future
planning and current scientific analysis.Comment: 8 pages, 0 figures. White paper submitted to the Planetary Science
and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-203
Color Feature-Based Pillbox Image Color Recognition
Patients, their families and caregivers routinely examine pills for medication identification. Key pill information includes color, shape, size and pill imprint. The pill can then be identified using an online pill database. This process is time-consuming and error prone, leading researchers to develop techniques for automatic pill identification. Pill color may be the pill feature that contributes most to automatic pill identification. In this research, we investigate features from two color planes: Red, green and blue (RGB), and hue saturation and value (HSV), as well as chromaticity and brightness features. Color-based classification is explored using MatLab over 2140 National Library of Medicine (NLM) Pillbox reference images using 20 feature descriptors. The pill region is extracted using image processing techniques including erosion, dilation and thresholding. Using a leave-one-image-out approach for classifier training/testing, a support vector machine (SVM) classifier yielded an average accuracy over 12 categories as high as 97.90%
Towards a Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructure
Planetary science is the study of planets, moons, irregular bodies such as asteroids and the processes that create and modify them. Like terrestrial sciences, planetary science research is heavily dependent on collecting, processing and archiving large quantities of spatial data to support a range of activities. To address the complexity of storing, discovering, accessing, and utilizing spatial data, the terrestrial research community has developed conceptual Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) models and cyberinfrastructures. The needs that these systems seek to address for terrestrial spatial data users are similar to the needs of the planetary science community: spatial data should just work for the non-spatial expert. Here we discuss a path towards a Planetary Spatial Data Infrastructure (PSDI) solution that fulfills this primary need. We first explore the linkage between SDI models and cyberinfrastructures, then describe the gaps in current PSDI concepts, and discuss the overlap between terrestrial SDIs and a new, conceptual PSDI that best serves the needs of the planetary science community
Transformations to granular zircon revealed: Twinning, reidite, and ZrO2 in shocked zircon from Meteor Crater (Arizona, USA)
Granular zircon in impact environments has long been recognized but remains poorly understood due to lack of experimental data to identify mechanisms involved in its genesis. Meteor Crater in Arizona (USA) contains abundant evidence of shock metamorphism, including shocked quartz, the high-pressure polymorphs coesite and stishovite, diaplectic SiO2 glass, and lechatelierite (fused SiO2). Here we report the presence of granular zircon, a new shocked-mineral discovery at Meteor Crater, that preserve critical orientation evidence of specific transformations that occurred during formation at extreme impact conditions. The zircon grains occur as aggregates of sub-micrometer neoblasts in highly shocked Coconino Sandstone (CS) comprised of lechatelierite. Electron backscatter diffraction shows that each grain consists of multiple domains, some with boundaries disoriented by 65° around <110>, a known {112} shock-twin orientation. Other domains have {001} in alignment with {110} of neighboring domains, consistent with the former presence of the high-pressure ZrSiO4 polymorph reidite. Additionally, nearly all zircon preserve ZrO2 + SiO2, providing evidence of partial dissociation. The genesis of CS granular zircon started with detrital zircon that experienced shock twinning and reidite formation at pressures from 20 to 30 GPa, ultimately yielding a phase that retained crystallographic memory; this phase subsequently recrystallized to systematically oriented zircon neoblasts, and in some areas partially dissociated to ZrO2. The lechatelierite matrix, experimentally constrained to form at >2000 °C, provided the ultrahigh-temperature environment for zircon dissociation (~1670 °C) and neoblast formation. The capacity of granular zircon to preserve a cumulative pressure-temperature record has not been recognized previously, and provides a new method for investigating histories of impact-related mineral transformations in the crust at conditions far beyond those at which most rocks melt
Adaptable Ring for Vision-Based Measurements and Shape Analysis
A vision-based measurement approach for pill shape detection is presented along with other applications. Rapid and accurate pill identification is needed by medical and law enforcement personnel during emergencies. But real-world pill identification is challenging due to varied lighting conditions, minor manufacturing defects, and subsequent pill wear. Surmounting these challenges is possible using multiple inputs: pill color, imprint, and shape. Of these different inputs, pill shape is the most important and difficult parameter due to its variations. In this paper, we describe a novel technique to accurately detect the complex pharmaceutical pill shapes using measurements derived from a superimposed adaptable ring centered automatically on either the shape\u27s centroid or its bounding box midpoint determined based on the measurements from two other rings, namely the inner ring and the outer ring. It is shown that the measurements from the overlays of the adaptable ring suffice to successfully classify the shapes of the pills currently in the Pillbox database (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2014) with an accuracy of 98.7%. Our method demonstrated higher accuracy when compared with Hu-moments on the same data set. Using logistic regression techniques, Hu-moments provided an accuracy of 96.6%. Though developed for the domain of pharmaceutical pill shapes, we discuss how the measurements from the adaptable ring can also be used in other industrial applications to increase the level of accuracy with the help of this real-time less computationally complex method
Automatic Separation of Basal Cell Carcinoma from Benign Lesions in Dermoscopy Images with Border Thresholding Techniques
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), with an incidence in the US exceeding 2.7 million cases/year, exacts a significant toll in morbidity and financial costs. Earlier BCC detection via automatic analysis of dermoscopy images could reduce the need for advanced surgery. In this paper, automatic diagnostic algorithms are applied to images segmented by five thresholding segmentation routines. Experimental results for five new thresholding routines are compared to expert-determined borders. Logistic regression analysis shows that thresholding segmentation techniques yield diagnostic accuracy that is comparable to that obtained with manual borders. The experimental results obtained with algorithms applied to automatically segmented lesions demonstrate significant potential for the new machine vision techniques
Fluorescence Linked Enzyme Chemoproteomic Strategy for Discovery of a Potent and Selective DAPK1 and ZIPK Inhibitor
DAPK1 and ZIPK (also called DAPK3)
are closely related serine/threonine
protein kinases that regulate programmed cell death and phosphorylation
of non-muscle and smooth muscle myosin. We have developed a fluorescence
linked enzyme chemoproteomic strategy (FLECS) for the rapid identification
of inhibitors for any element of the purinome and identified a selective
pyrazolo[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyrimidinone (HS38) that inhibits
DAPK1 and ZIPK in an ATP-competitive manner at nanomolar concentrations.
In cellular studies, HS38 decreased RLC20 phosphorylation. In <i>ex vivo</i> studies, HS38 decreased contractile force generated
in mouse aorta, rabbit ileum, and calyculin A stimulated arterial
muscle by decreasing RLC20 and MYPT1 phosphorylation. The inhibitor
also promoted relaxation in Ca<sup>2+</sup>-sensitized vessels. A
close structural analogue (HS43) with 5-fold lower affinity for ZIPK
produced no effect on cells or tissues. These findings are consistent
with a mechanism of action wherein HS38 specifically targets ZIPK
in smooth muscle. The discovery of HS38 provides a lead scaffold for
the development of therapeutic agents for smooth muscle related disorders
and a chemical means to probe the function of DAPK1 and ZIPK across
species
Fluorescence Linked Enzyme Chemoproteomic Strategy for Discovery of a Potent and Selective DAPK1 and ZIPK Inhibitor
DAPK1 and ZIPK (also called DAPK3)
are closely related serine/threonine
protein kinases that regulate programmed cell death and phosphorylation
of non-muscle and smooth muscle myosin. We have developed a fluorescence
linked enzyme chemoproteomic strategy (FLECS) for the rapid identification
of inhibitors for any element of the purinome and identified a selective
pyrazolo[3,4-<i>d</i>]pyrimidinone (HS38) that inhibits
DAPK1 and ZIPK in an ATP-competitive manner at nanomolar concentrations.
In cellular studies, HS38 decreased RLC20 phosphorylation. In <i>ex vivo</i> studies, HS38 decreased contractile force generated
in mouse aorta, rabbit ileum, and calyculin A stimulated arterial
muscle by decreasing RLC20 and MYPT1 phosphorylation. The inhibitor
also promoted relaxation in Ca<sup>2+</sup>-sensitized vessels. A
close structural analogue (HS43) with 5-fold lower affinity for ZIPK
produced no effect on cells or tissues. These findings are consistent
with a mechanism of action wherein HS38 specifically targets ZIPK
in smooth muscle. The discovery of HS38 provides a lead scaffold for
the development of therapeutic agents for smooth muscle related disorders
and a chemical means to probe the function of DAPK1 and ZIPK across
species