331 research outputs found
A Study of the Fundamental Research Using Cultured Plant Cells Between University and Indusry
Phytoremediation of Benzophenone and Bisphenol A by Glycosylation with Immobilized Plant Cells
Benzophenone and bisphenol A are environmental pollutions, which have been listed among “chemicals suspected of having endocrine disrupting effects” by the World Wildlife Fund, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the USA and the Japanese Environment Agency. The cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum glycosylated benzophenone to three glycosides, 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylbenzophenone (9%), diphenylmethyl β-D-glucopyranoside (14%), and diphenylmethyl 6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (12%) after 48 h incubation. On the other hand, incubation of benzophenone with immobilized cells of N. tabacum in sodium alginate gel gave products in higher yields, i.e. the yields of 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylbenzophenone, diphenylmethyl β-D-glucopyranoside, and diphenylmethyl 6-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside were 15, 27, and 22%, respectively. Bisphenol A was converted into three glycosides, 2,2-bis(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl)propane (16%), 2-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl) propane (8%), and 2-(3-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl)propane (5%). Also the use of immobilized N. tabacum cells improved the yield of products; the glycosylation of bisphenol A with immobilized N. tabacum gave 2,2-bis(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl)propane (24%), 2-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl) propane (15%), and 2-(3-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl)propane (11%)
Bioremediation of Fluorophenols by Glycosylation with Immobilized Marine Microalga Amphidinium Crassum
Fluorophenols are used as agrochemicals and released into environment as pollutants. Cultured marine microalga Amphidinium crassum (Gymnodinium) glucosylated 2-fluorophenol (1), 3-fluorophenol (2), and 4-fluorophenol (3) to the corresponding β-D-glucosides, ie, 2-fluorophenyl β-D-glucoside (4, 60 μg/g cells), 3-fluorophenyl β-D-glucoside (5, 20 μg/g cells), and 4-fluorophenyl β-D-glucoside (6, 40 μg/g cells). On the other hand, 2-, 3-, and 4-fluorophenols were efficiently converted by immobilized A. crassum in sodium alginate gel to give their β-D-glucosides in higher yields (4: 140 μg/g cells; 5: 60 μg/g cells; 6: 100 μg/g cells). In repetitive batch use, the immobilized cells of A. crassum maintained the potential for the glucosylation of the substrate fluorophenol after 5 times of usage
Production of Hesperetin Glycosides by Xanthomonas campestris and Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase and Their Anti-allergic Activities
The production of hesperetin glycosides was investigated using glycosylation with Xanthomonas campestris and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase). X. campestris glucosylated hesperetin to its 3'-, 5-, and 7-O-glucosides, and CGTase converted hesperetin glucosides into the corresponding maltosides. The resulting 7-O-glucoside and 7-O-maltoside of hesperetin showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody production and on O2- generation from rat neutrophils
Bioremediation of Bisphenol A and Benzophenone by Glycosylation with Immobilized Marine Microalga Pavlova sp.
Cultured cells of Pavlova sp. glycosylated bisphenol A to its mono-glucoside, 2-(4-β-D-glucopyranosyloxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyphenylpropane (9%). Use of immobilized Pavlova cells in sodium alginate gel improved yield of the product (17%). On the other hand, Pavlova cell cultures converted benzophenone into diphenylmethanol (49%) and diphenylmethyl β-D-glucopyranoside (6%). Incubation of benzophenone with immobilized Pavlova cells gave products in higher yields; the yields of diphenylmethanol and diphenylmethyl β-D-glucopyranoside were 85 and 15%, respectively
Coupling between pore formation and phase separation in charged lipid membranes
We investigated the effect of charge on the membrane morphology of giant
unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) composed of various mixtures containing charged
lipids. We observed the membrane morphologies by fluorescent and confocal laser
microscopy in lipid mixtures consisting of a neutral unsaturated lipid
[dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC)], a neutral saturated lipid
[dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)], a charged unsaturated lipid
[dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG)], a charged saturated
lipid [dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG)], and
cholesterol (Chol). In binary mixtures of neutral DOPC/DPPC and charged
DOPC/DPPG, spherical vesicles were formed. On the other
hand, pore formation was often observed with GUVs consisting of
DOPG and DPPC. In a DPPC/DPPG/Chol
ternary mixture, pore-formed vesicles were also frequently observed. The
percentage of pore-formed vesicles increased with the DPPG
concentration. Moreover, when the head group charges of charged lipids were
screened by the addition of salt, pore-formed vesicles were suppressed in both
the binary and ternary charged lipid mixtures. We discuss the mechanisms of
pore formation in charged lipid mixtures and the relationship between phase
separation and the membrane morphology. Finally, we reproduce the results seen
in experimental systems by using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations.Comment: 34 pages, 10 figure
Handbook for Efficiently Quantifying Robustness of Magic
The nonstabilizerness, or magic, is an essential quantum resource to perform
universal quantum computation. Robustness of magic (RoM) in particular
characterizes the degree of usefulness of a given quantum state for
non-Clifford operation. While the mathematical formalism of RoM can be given in
a concise manner, it is extremely challenging to determine the RoM in practice,
since it involves superexponentially many pure stabilizer states. In this work,
we present efficient novel algorithms to compute the RoM. The crucial technique
is a subroutine that achieves the remarkable features in calculation of
overlaps between pure stabilizer states: (i) the time complexity per each
stabilizer is reduced exponentially, (ii) the space complexity is reduced
superexponentially. Based on this subroutine, we present algorithms to compute
the RoM for arbitrary states up to qubits on a laptop, while brute-force
methods require a memory size of 86 TiB. As a byproduct, the proposed
subroutine allows us to simulate the stabilizer fidelity up to qubits,
for which naive methods require memory size of 86 PiB so that any
state-of-the-art classical computer cannot execute the computation. We further
propose novel algorithms that utilize the preknowledge on the structure of
target quantum state such as the permutation symmetry of disentanglement, and
numerically demonstrate our state-of-the-art results for copies of magic states
and partially disentangled quantum states. The series of algorithms constitute
a comprehensive ``handbook'' to scale up the computation of the RoM, and we
envision that the proposed technique applies to the computation of other
quantum resource measures as well.Comment: 16+12 pages, 8+1 figure
Charge-induced phase separation in lipid membranes
The phase separation in lipid bilayers that include negatively charged lipids
is examined experimentally. We observed phase-separated structures and
determined the membrane miscibility temperatures in several binary and ternary
lipid mixtures of unsaturated neutral lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine
(DOPC), saturated neutral lipid, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC),
unsaturated charged lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol
(DOPG), saturated charged lipid,
dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), and cholesterol.
In binary mixtures of saturated and unsaturated charged lipids, the combination
of the charged head with the saturation of hydrocarbon tail is a dominant
factor for the stability of membrane phase separation.
DPPG enhances phase separation, while
DOPG suppresses it. Furthermore, the addition of
DPPG to a binary mixture of DPPC/cholesterol induces phase
separation between DPPG-rich and cholesterol-rich phases.
This indicates that cholesterol localization depends strongly on the electric
charge on the hydrophilic head group rather than on the ordering of the
hydrocarbon tails. Finally, when DPPG was added to a
neutral ternary system of DOPC/DPPC/Cholesterol (a conventional model of
membrane rafts), a three-phase coexistence was produced. We conclude by
discussing some qualitative features of the phase behaviour in charged
membranes using a free energy approach.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figure
Observation of Allende and Antarctic meteorites by monochromatic X-ray CT based on synchrotron radiation
Three-dimensional CT images of the Allende meteorite with a high resolution of 10μm have been obtained nondestructively by a monochromatic X-ray computed tomography (CT) based on synchrotron radiation (SR). The metallic minerals, matrix and chondrules can be clearly observed in the CT images. The CT values, which express the image intensity, allow a quantitative elemental analysis including such as difference in the metallic minerals, i. e., pentlandite and troilite, using the comparison of CT images and elemental images measured by a computer-aided microanalyzer (CMA). The three-dimensional CT images indicate that the metallic minerals surround some chondrules, and the largest chondrule has two humps and well crystallized olivine in its center. These observations suggest that the three-dimensional SR-CT system is a useful method for identification of internal structures of stony meteorites. Additionally, information obtained from the CT images of Antarctic meteorites confirms that the SR-CT system can be applied to classification of stony chondrites
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