Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Amendments: The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Acts Focus on Improving Investment Opportunities

President Reagan signed into law the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 (OTCA) on August 23, 1988. Included within this law were provisions addressing authority for trade agreements, section 301 remedies, section 201 escape clause, antidumping, and countervailing duties as well as amendments to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Additionally, export control provisions were included in this law as part of the Export Enhancement Act of 1988. This comprehensive law was the culmination of a lengthy process over several years which included hearings; debates; negotiation among House and Senate leaders and the President; and one Presidential veto. The amendments to the FCPA were sandwiched into the lengthy and more controversial provisions of the OTCA, thus escaping significant public scrutiny. This paper will examine the 1977 FCPA and the 1988 amendments thereto and assesses their impact on effectuating the original purpose of the FCPA which was to insure that corporations act ethically by prohibiting bribery on an international level

China after Tiananmen Square: An Assessment of Its Business Environment

TesisEn la investigación, se observó una deficiente formación profesional de los estudiantes del I semestre en el Área de Arte del Instituto de Educación Superior Pedagógico Público “José Jiménez Borja” de Tacna, evidenciado en el inadecuado desarrollo de capacidades artísticas, válidas para el desempeño de este futuro profesional del campo artístico y su inserción en el campo laboral. En el proceso formativo los docentes no priorizan estas necesidades las cuales deben ser atendidas. La investigación tiene como propósito comprender las implicancias que existen entre las estrategias didácticas que utilizan los docentes y, el desarrollo de capacidades artísticas que muestran los estudiantes del I semestre en el Área de Arte del Instituto de Educación Superior Pedagógico Público “José Jiménez Borja” de Tacna. Las técnicas de la investigación utilizadas es la observación de los participantes y se hizo uso de una Guía de observación antes y después de aplicar la propuesta. La guía de observación utilizada para evaluar los procesos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes ha integrado cuatro indicadores. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con ayuda de la estadística. La experiencia nos ha permitido acercarnos a una realidad poco conocida, lo que ha contribuido a desarrollar nuevos aprendizajes relacionadas al uso de estrategias didácticas como parte del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Ha sido una experiencia significativa y ha resultado beneficiosa como aporte para mejorar la calidad del servicio educativo en el Instituto de Educación Superior Pedagógico Público “José Jiménez Borja”, pues ha motivado las reflexiones sobre la necesidad de tener claridad en los fundamentos teóricos del proceso formativo orientado a la consolidación de profesionales en el contexto del siglo XXI

PKS 1004+13: A High-Inclination, Highly-Absorbed Radio-Loud QSO -- The First Radio-Loud BAL QSO at Low Redshift?

The existence of BAL outflows in only radio-quiet QSOs was thought to be an important clue to mass ejection and the radio-loud - radio-quiet dichotomy. Recently a few radio-loud BAL QSOs have been discovered at high redshift. We present evidence that PKS 1004+13 is a radio-loud BAL QSO. It would be the first known at low-redshift (z = 0.24), and one of the most radio luminous. For PKS 1004+13, there appear to be broad absorption troughs of O VI, N V, Si IV, and C IV, indicating high-ionization outflows up to about 10,000 km/s. There are also two strong, broad (~500 km/s), high-ionization, associated absorption systems that show partial covering of the continuum source. The strong UV absorption we have detected suggests that the extreme soft-X-ray weakness of PKS 1004+13 is primarily the result of absorption. The large radio-lobe dominance indicates BAL and associated gas at high inclinations to the central engine axis, perhaps in a line-of-sight that passes through an accretion disk wind.Comment: To appear in Ap.J. Letters, 1999 (June or July); 4 pages, 5 figure

Characterization of vortex regeneration mechanism in the self-sustaining process of wall-bounded flows using resolvent analysis

The regeneration mechanism of streamwise vortical structures in the self-sustaining process of wall-bounded turbulence is investigated. Resolvent analysis [1] is used to identify the principal forcing mode which produces the maximum amplification of the response modes in the minimal channel for the buffer [2] and logarithmic layer [3]. The identified mode is then projected out from the nonlinear term of the Navier-Stokes equations at each time step from the direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the corresponding minimal channel. The results show that the removal of the principal forcing mode is able to significantly inhibit turbulence for the buffer and logarithmic layer while removing the subsequent modes instead of the principal one only marginally affects the flow. Analysis of the dyadic interactions in the nonlinear term shows that the contributions toward the principal forcing mode come from a limited number of wavenumber interactions. Using conditional averaging, the flow structures that are responsible for generating the principal forcing mode, and thus the nonlinear interaction to self-sustain turbulence, are identified to be spanwise rolls interacting with meandering streaks

Characterization of vortex regeneration mechanism in the self-sustaining process of wall-bounded flows using resolvent analysis

The regeneration mechanism of streamwise vortical structures in the self-sustaining process of wall-bounded turbulence is investigated. Resolvent analysis [1] is used to identify the principal forcing mode which produces the maximum amplification of the response modes in the minimal channel for the buffer [2] and logarithmic layer [3]. The identified mode is then projected out from the nonlinear term of the Navier-Stokes equations at each time step from the direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the corresponding minimal channel. The results show that the removal of the principal forcing mode is able to significantly inhibit turbulence for the buffer and logarithmic layer while removing the subsequent modes instead of the principal one only marginally affects the flow. Analysis of the dyadic interactions in the nonlinear term shows that the contributions toward the principal forcing mode come from a limited number of wavenumber interactions. Using conditional averaging, the flow structures that are responsible for generating the principal forcing mode, and thus the nonlinear interaction to self-sustain turbulence, are identified to be spanwise rolls interacting with meandering streaks

Eddington Accretion and QSO Emission Lines at z ~ 2

Broad Absorption Line (BAL) QSOs have been suggested to be youthful super-accretors based on their powerful radiatively driven absorbing outflows and often reddened continua. To test this hypothesis, we observed near IR spectra of the H$\beta$ region for 11 bright BAL QSOs at redshift z ~ 2. We measured these and literature spectra for 6 BAL QSOs, 13 radio-loud and 7 radio-quiet non-BAL QSOs. Using the luminosity and H$\beta$ broad line width to derive black hole mass and accretion rate, we find that both BAL and non-BAL QSOs at z ~ 2 tend to have higher $L/L_{Edd}$ than those at low z -- probably a result of selecting the brightest QSOs. However, we find that the high z QSOs, in particular the BAL QSOs, have extremely strong Fe II and very weak [O III], extending the inverse relationship found for low z QSOs. This suggests that, even while radiating near $L_{Edd}$, the BAL QSOs have a more plentiful fuel supply than non-BAL QSOs. Comparison with low z QSOs shows for the first time that the inverse Fe II -- [O III] relationship is indeed related to $L/L_{Edd}$, rather than black hole mass.Comment: 18 pages including 5 figures and 1 table. Accepted by the Astrophysical Journal Letter