Status, Testosterone, and Human Intellectual Performance: Stereotype Threat as Status Concern

Results from two experiments suggest that stereotype-threat effects are special cases of a more general process involving the need to maintain or enhance status. We hypothesized that situations capable of confirming a performance stereotype might represent either a threat to status or an opportunity for enhancement of status, depending on the nature of the stereotype. The positive relationship between baseline testosterone and status sensitivity led us to hypothesize that high testosterone levels in males and females would amplify existing performance expectations when gender-based math-performance stereotypes were activated. In Study 1, high-testosterone females performed poorly on a math test when a negative performance stereotype was primed. In Study 2, high-testosterone males excelled on a math test when a positive performance stereotype was primed. The moderating effect of testosterone on performance suggests that a stereotype-relevant situation is capable of conferring either a loss or a gain of status on targets of the stereotype.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

Emissão/abscisão de estruturas reprodutivas do algodoeiro herbáceo, cv. CNPA 7H: efeito do estresse hídrico Emission/abscission of reproductive structures of herbaceous cotton, cv. CNPA 7H: effect of the water stress

O presente estudo foi conduzido no período de julho a dezembro de 1998, em galpão coberto, no DSER/CCA/UFPB, município de Areia, PB, com o objetivo de se avaliar o efeito dos níveis de água disponível no solo (AD) (20, 40, 60 e 80%) sobre a emissão/abscisão de estruturas reprodutivas do algodoeiro herbáceo, cv. CNPA 7H; utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições, em três épocas de amostragem. O crescimento vegetativo e o reprodutivo, aumentaram com os níveis de AD no solo, sendo a menor média de altura de plantas (34,5 cm), área foliar (633,05 cm²), acumulação de fitomassa da parte aérea (9,04 g), botões florais (4,67), flores (3,50), maçãs (2,33) e capulhos (1,33) por planta, observada no tratamento com o nível de 20% da AD e a maior, 74,33 cm, 2.634,81cm², 24,86 g, 9,67, 7,0, 6,0 e 4,3 por planta, respectivamente, no tratamento com o nível de 60% da AD. Apesar do estresse hídrico ter afetado (p<0,05) quantitativamente o aumento da emissão e abscisão de estruturas reprodutivas do algodoeiro, existe uma inter-dependência entre essas estruturas, independente do nível de estresse hídrico a que foi submetido; assim, o aumento ou redução do número de botões florais retidos culmina com o de flores, maçãs e capulhos de forma sucessiva, mantendo uma proporcionalidade padrão.<br>The present study was conducted from July to December 1998, in a covered area at DSER/CCA/UFPB, Areia/PB with the objective of evaluating the effect of four levels of available water (AW - 20, 40, 60 and 80%) in soil on the emission/abscission of reproductive structures of herbaceous cotton plant, cv. CNPA 7H. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with four treatments replicated three times and sampled at three different dates. Vegetative and reproductive growth increased with AW levels in soil. Minimum mean values for plant height (34.5 cm), leaf area (633.05 cm²), biomass accumulation of aerial parts (9.04 g), number of flower buds (4.67), flowers (3.50), fruits (2.33) and bolls (1.33) per plant, were observed for the 20% AW treatment. In contrast, the highest mean values observed for the 60% AW treatment, respectively, were 74.33 cm, 2,634.8 cm², 24.86 g, 9.67, 7.0, 6.0 and 4.3. Water stress showed significant effect (p<0,05) on emission and abscission of reproductive structures of cotton plants in an independent way. Thus, an increase or a decrease in the number of retained flower buds precedes a similar pattern for the number of flowers, fruit and mature bolls, keeping a standard proportionality, regardless of the water stress level