37,359 research outputs found
Techno-economic performance analysis of biofuel production and miniature electric power generation from biomass fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading
The techno-economic performance analysis of biofuel production and electric power generation from biomass fast pyrolysis and bio-oil hydroprocessing is explored through process simulation. In this work, a process model of 72 MT/day pine wood fast pyrolysis and bio-oil hydroprocessing plant was developed with rate based chemical reactions using Aspen Plus® process simulator. It was observed from simulation results that 1 kg s−1 pine wooddb generate 0.64 kg s−1 bio-oil, 0.22 kg s−1 gas and 0.14 kg s−1 char. Simulation results also show that the energy required for drying and fast pyrolysis operations can be provided from the combustion of pyrolysis by-products, mainly, char and non-condensable gas with sufficient residual energy for miniature electric power generation. The intermediate bio-oil product from the fast pyrolysis process is upgraded into gasoline and diesel via a two-stage hydrotreating process, which was implemented by a pseudo-first order reaction of lumped bio-oil species followed by the hydrocracking process in this work. Simulation results indicate that about 0.24 kg s−1 of gasoline and diesel range products and 96 W of electric power can be produced from 1 kg s−1 pine wooddb. The effect of initial biomass moisture content on the amount of electric power generated and the effect of biomass feed composition on product yields were also reported in this study. Aspen Process Economic Analyser® was used for equipment sizing and cost estimation for an nth plant and the product value was estimated from discounted cash flow analysis assuming the plant operates for 20 years at a 10% annual discount rate. Economic analysis indicates that the plant will require £16.6 million of capital investment and product value is estimated at £6.25/GGE. Furthermore, the effect of key process and economic parameters on product value and the impact of electric power generation equipment on capital cost and energy efficiency were also discussed in this study
The Cauchy Operator for Basic Hypergeometric Series
We introduce the Cauchy augmentation operator for basic hypergeometric
series. Heine's transformation formula and Sears'
transformation formula can be easily obtained by the symmetric property of some
parameters in operator identities. The Cauchy operator involves two parameters,
and it can be considered as a generalization of the operator . Using
this operator, we obtain extensions of the Askey-Wilson integral, the Askey-Roy
integral, Sears' two-term summation formula, as well as the -analogues of
Barnes' lemmas. Finally, we find that the Cauchy operator is also suitable for
the study of the bivariate Rogers-Szeg\"o polynomials, or the continuous big
-Hermite polynomials.Comment: 21 pages, to appear in Advances in Applied Mathematic
Efficient electronic entanglement concentration assisted with single mobile electron
We present an efficient entanglement concentration protocol (ECP) for mobile
electrons with charge detection. This protocol is quite different from other
ECPs for one can obtain a maximally entangled pair from a pair of
less-entangled state and a single mobile electron with a certain probability.
With the help of charge detection, it can be repeated to reach a higher success
probability. It also does not need to know the coefficient of the original
less-entangled states. All these advantages may make this protocol useful in
current distributed quantum information processing.Comment: 6pages, 3figure
Extremely Correlated Fermi Liquid Description of Normal State ARPES in Cuprates
The normal state single particle spectral function of the high temperature
superconducting cuprates, measured by the angle resolved photoelectron
spectroscopy (ARPES), has been considered both anomalous and crucial to
understand. Here we show that an unprecedentedly detailed description of the
data is provided by a spectral function arising from the Extremely Correlated
Fermi Liquid state of the t-J model proposed recently by Shastry. The
description encompasses both laser and conventional synchrotron ARPES data on
optimally doped BiSrCaCuO, and also conventional
synchrotron ARPES data on the LaSrCuO materials. {\em It
fits all data sets with the same physical parameter values}, satisfies the
particle sum rule and successfully addresses two widely discussed "kink"
anomalies in the dispersion.Comment: Published version, 5 figs; published 29 July (2011
Comparative evaluation of GHG emissions from the use of Miscanthus for bio-hydrocarbon production via fast pyrolysis and bio-oil upgrading
This study examines the GHG emissions associated with producing bio-hydrocarbons via fast pyrolysis of Miscanthus. The feedstock is then upgraded to bio-oil products via hydroprocessing and zeolite cracking. Inventory data for this study were obtained from current commercial cultivation practices of Miscanthus in the UK and state-of-the-art process models developed in Aspen Plus®. The system boundary considered spans from the cultivation of Miscanthus to conversion of the pyrolysis-derived bio-oil into bio-hydrocarbons up to the refinery gate. The Miscanthus cultivation subsystem considers three scenarios for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates. These were assumed as follows: (i) excluding (SOC), (ii) low SOC and (iii) high (SOC) for best and worst cases. Overall, Miscanthus cultivation contributed moderate to negative values to GHG emissions, from analysis of excluding SOC to high SOC scenarios. Furthermore, the rate of SOC in the Miscanthus cultivation subsystem has significant effects on total GHG emissions. Where SOC is excluded, the fast pyrolysis subsystem shows the highest positive contribution to GHG emissions, while the credit for exported electricity was the main ‘negative’ GHG emission contributor for both upgrading pathways. Comparison between the bio-hydrocarbons produced from the two upgrading routes and fossil fuels indicates GHG emission savings between 68% and 87%. Sensitivity analysis reveals that bio-hydrocarbon yield and nitrogen gas feed to the fast pyrolysis reactor are the main parameters that influence the total GHG emissions for both pathways
Phase sensitive detection of dipole radiation in a fiber-based high numerical aperture optical system
We theoretically study the problem of detecting dipole radiation in an
optical system of high numerical aperture in which the detector is sensitive to
\textit{field amplitude}. In particular, we model the phase sensitive detector
as a single-mode cylindrical optical fiber. We find that the maximum in
collection efficiency of the dipole radiation does not coincide with the
optimum resolution for the light gathering instrument. The calculated results
are important for analyzing fiber-based confocal microscope performance in
fluorescence and spectroscopic studies of single molecules and/or quantum dots.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure
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