Androgen elevation accelerates reproductive senescence in three-spined stickleback

Costs of reproduction shape the life-history evolution of investment in current and future reproduction and thereby aging. Androgens have been proposed to regulate the physiology governing these investments. Furthermore, androgens are hypothesized to play a central role in carotenoid-dependent sexual signaling, regulating how much carotenoids are diverted to ornamentation and away from somatic maintenance, increasing oxidative stress, and accelerating aging. We investigated these relationships in male three-spined stickleback in which we elevated 11-ketotestosterone and supplied vitamin E, an antioxidant, in a 2 × 2 design. Androgen elevation shortened the time stickleback maintained reproductive activities. We suspect that this effect is caused by 11-ketotestosterone stimulating investment in current reproduction, but we detected no evidence for this in our measurements of reproductive effort: nest building, body composition, and breeding coloration. Carotenoid-dependent coloration was even slightly decreased by 11-ketotestosterone elevation and was left unaffected by vitamin E. Red coloration correlated with life expectancy and reproductive capacity in a quadratic manner, suggesting overinvestment of the individuals exhibiting the reddest bellies. In contrast, blue iris color showed a negative relationship with survival, suggesting physiological costs of producing this aspect of nuptial coloration. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that androgens regulate investment in current versus future reproduction, yet the precise mechanisms remain elusive. The quadratic relationships between sexual signal expression and aspects of quality have wider consequences for how we view sexual selection on ornamentation and its relationship with aging

A Comparison Between Development of Bird Song and Development of Other Displays

The ontogeny of bird song is compared with that of other vocal and postural displays. At the level of description both types of display show a gradual development towards a more conspicuous and stereotyped form. In addition, the developmental outcome shows in both cases plasticity under the influence of social experience. At the level of mechanisms similarities and differences are discussed. Although song development has been studied mainly from the perspective of learning, and development of other displays from the perspective of motivational changes, both these mechanisms play a role in the development of both types of display. The development of both types may be influenced by the reactions of conspecifics to the display performed and sex hormones. The latter may enhance the expression of species specific properties and influence crystallization or form fixation in both song and other displays. Imitation, so important for normal song development in many song bird species, does not seem to influence the development of postural displays, but there is some preliminary evidence that it may influence the development of vocal display other than song. The influence of sensory-motor learning (motor matching) is discussed