The Impact of Crossing on Market Quality : an Empirical Study on the UK Market.

Fragmentation; Adverse selection; transaction costs; Liquidity; Alternative trading system; Crossing network;

Post-MiFID Developments in Equity Market Liquidity

Based on two samples of non-financial large caps from the FTSE 100 and the CAC 40 and a third sample of non-financial mid caps from the SBF 120, this study looks at four monthly periods to compare market liquidity before and after the entry into effect of MiFID. Over the last monthly period, i.e. September 2009, order-flow fragmentation reached substantial levels in all three samples, although it was less pronounced among the mid caps of the SBF 120. Between 20% and 25% of total volumes on the FTSE 100 and the CAC 40 were traded OTC or internalised. As regards non-internalised regulated order flow, 25% to 30% of volumes in large caps were executed on MTFs outside the primary market, compared with around 17% for mid caps of the SBF 120. Despite the high levels of fragmentation, primary markets continue to dominate the European securities trading landscape, with market share of approximately 70% for regulated volumes in large caps and 80% for mid caps. The primary markets also have good relative price competitiveness. The rise in competition between trading venues has been accompanied by a significant decline in price spreads. This reduction in implicit transaction costs is relatively proportionate to the strength of competition, because it is more marked among large caps than among mid caps. The decline has take place at the cost of reduced depth at best limits. Several points temper this conclusion, however. First, trading volumes fell sharply between October 2007 and September 2009. Next, competition between trading systems combined with the rise of algorithmic trading have resulted in orders being more broken up, such that average transaction size has fallen even more steeply than depth at best limits. The frequency of trading and quote changes has also increased greatly. In such an environment, a static measurement of depth has drawbacks, because the frequency with which the depth is renewed is not captured. Also, the available depth appears to be divided between the most active platforms. Ultimately, increased competition has resulted in a decline in implicit transaction costs. The investors best placed to take advantage are logically those that operate on several platforms through smart order routing systems.market fragmentation;MiFID;stock market liquidity;competition;MTF

Centralised order books versus hybrid order books: a paired comparison of trading costs on NSC (Euronext Paris) and SETS (London Stock Exchange).

This article compares the cost of trading large capitalisation equities on the hybrid order-driven segment of the London Stock Exchange and the centralised electronic order book of Euronext. Using samples of stocks matched according to economic sector, free float capitalisation, and trading volume, our study shows that transaction costs are lower on the centralised order book than on the hybrid order book. The presence of dealers outside the electronic order book favours the frequency of large trades, but is associated with higher execution costs for all other trades and higher adverse selection and inventory costs inside the order book.Centralised markets; Fragmentation; Hybrid market; Order Books; Spread components; Transaction cost;

IPO Underpricing, Post-Listing Liquidity, and Information Asymmetry in the Secondary Market.

Using a ten-year sample of IPOs undertaken on Euronext with various mechanisms, our study examines the relationship between initial returns and post-listing liquidity, and tests whether it is influenced by ownership structure and information asymmetry. According to most of our findings, post-listing liquidity is positively related to initial underpricing, but we fail to prove that this relation is formed through ownership dispersion. It is more likely attributable to the interest underpriced stocks generate. Information asymmetry is negatively linked to the level of initial underpricing, suggesting that more public information is produced on more underpriced IPOs.IPO; information asymmetry; post-listing liquidity; initial underpricing; ownership structure;

Centralised order books versus hybrid order books: a paired comparison of trading costs on NSC (Euronext Paris) and SETS (London Stock Exchange).

This article compares the cost of trading large capitalisation equities on the hybrid order-driven segment of the London Stock Exchange and the centralised electronic order book of Euronext. Using samples of stocks matched according to economic sector, free float capitalisation, and trading volume, our study shows that transaction costs are lower on the centralised order book than on the hybrid order book. The presence of dealers outside the electronic order book favours the frequency of large trades, but is associated with higher execution costs for all other trades and higher adverse selection and inventory costs inside the order book.Centralised market; Hybrid market; Order book; Transaction costs; Microstructure;

The Introduction of the CAC40 Master Unit and the CAC40 Index Spot-Futures Pricing Relationship.

Efficiency; Arbitrage; Futures; ETF;

How does the Introduction of an ETF Market with Liquidity Providers Impact the Liquidity of the Underlying Stocks?.

This article examines how the inception of an ETF market impacts several dimensions of the liquidity of the ETF-underlying-index stocks. In contrast with previous research, our evidence is based on an ETF market where liquidity providers (LPs) act as market makers. We find that: (1) the market for the underlying stocks becomes more liquid after the ETF ntroduction for investors who trade at the best-limit quotes; (2) but the stock market becomes ess deep for larger traders, most probably because some large liquidity traders exit the underlying stocks’ market for the ETF market. Some statistics suggest that those results could be related to the trading activity of ETF LPs.Transaction Costs; Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF); Index Trading;

A Survey of the European IPO Market. CEPS ECMI Research Reports No. 2, 18 August 2006

Based on a sample of 15 European countries, this survey analyses various features of the European IPO (Initial Public Offering) market over the period from 1995 to 2004: listing requirements, IPO-mechanism choices, performance and secondary market liquidity. First, the comparison of national primary market regulations, in spite of the commonly observed segmentation between Main, Parallel and New Markets, shows a wide diversity in listing requirements and reveals that the primary market’s mechanisms are almost always monitored by investment banks, which then control the initial pricing and allocation of new issues. The examination of issuers’ practices looks at the increase in the different types of IPO mechanisms in the late nineties and the widespread use of the book-building mechanism nowadays. Second, our empirical analysis of IPO short-term and long-term performance confirms, with a few exceptions, widely recognised patterns, but also show discrepancies between countries, periods, sector and primary listing mechanisms. The average initial underpricing amounts to 22% over our pan-European sample and is observed at various levels in each of the 15 countries of the sample. Empirical evidence on long-term performance is less clear. Results are not benchmark-dependent but sometimes differ from one measurement method to another. However, in line with previous studies, significant underperformance is found at the 3-year horizon with all methodologies and in all countries, except Greece and Portugal. Finally, using a sample of IPOs launched on Euronext between 1995 and 2004, our study examines the relationship between initial returns and post-listing liquidity in the short and in the long-run. We support the ‘illiquidity-compensation hypothesis’. Initial underpricing is positively linked to information asymmetry in the after-market. It produces higher turnover immediately after the IPO but has no effect on trading volumes after the first year of trading, so that this liquidity effect cannot be put down to ownership structure but is more likely attributable to the interest underpriced stocks generate

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