Additional file 2: Figure S1. of Human milk microbiota profiles in relation to birthing method, gestation and infant gender

Five most abundant genera in human milk. Each point on the graph represents a subject, which indicates the percent relative abundance of that genus within the sample. The line represents the mean for all samples within the group. (PDF 25 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S2. of Human milk microbiota profiles in relation to birthing method, gestation and infant gender

Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on generalized UniFrac distances. Each sample, represented by a coloured circle, is plotted on this two-dimensional, two-axis plane with the first two components plotted. Samples (points) that cluster together are more similar in biota composition and abundance. GUniFrac, using an alpha of 0.5 (which is more sensitive to changes in moderately abundant taxa), was used to compare microbial profiles based on gestation, mode of delivery and gender. While no differences were seen based on these conditions, there were three distinct groups which could not be explained by any of the metadata collected (Table S1). The number of clusters was determined using the k means clustering analysis in R. (PDF 28 kb

Prevented RTI-related events with vs. without probiotics according to two scenarios.

<p>Prevented RTI-related events with vs. without probiotics according to two scenarios.</p

Schematic state-transition model representation.

<p>Schematic state-transition model representation.</p

Summary of model inputs–Epidemiological parameters, base case Canada.

<p>Summary of model inputs–Epidemiological parameters, base case Canada.</p

Savings with vs. without probiotics according to two scenarios.

<p>Savings with vs. without probiotics according to two scenarios.</p

Summary of model inputs–Resource utilization and costs parameters, base case Canada (2015 costs).

<p>Summary of model inputs–Resource utilization and costs parameters, base case Canada (2015 costs).</p

Representative micrographs illustrating NVCM exposed to PE alone or with probiotics.

<p>The control NVCM were either untreated, or co-cultured with MRS broth. Original magnification = 20×.</p

<i>L</i>. <i>rhamnosus</i> GR-1 inhibits PE-induced hypertrophy in NVCM.

<p><b>A</b>: The NVCM surface area following 24 hour co-culture with GR-1 (n = 5). PE + GR-1 = GR-1 bacteria in PBS; HK GR-1 = GR-1 bacteria heat killed. <b>B</b>: The fold change in NVCM surface area compared to untreated (control) cells, following 24 hour co-culture with GR-1 (n = 5). <b>C, D</b>: The fold change in gene expression of ANP (C) and aSKA (D) in NVCM (n = 3) respectively. Unless otherwise stated, all volumes of GR-1 treatments were 50 μL (1 x 10⁹ CFU/mL stock culture). *<i>P</i> < 0.05 and **<i>P</i> < 0.01 compared to all other treatments. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to PE + MRS broth. Error bars indicate the standard deviation.</p

<i>L</i>. <i>plantarum</i> 299v and <i>S salivarius</i> K12 inhibits PE-induced hypertrophy in NVCM.

<p><b>A</b>: The NVCM surface area following 24 hour co-culture with 299v and K12 (n = 5). <b>B</b>: The fold change in NVCM surface area compared to untreated cells, following 24 hour co-culture with 299v and K12 (n = 5). <b>C, D</b>: The fold change in gene expression of ANP (C) and aSKA (D) compared to untreated NVCM after 24 hour co-culture with 299v and K12 (n = 3). All volumes of 299v and K12 treatments were 50 μL (1 x 10⁹ CFU/mL stock culture). *<i>P</i> < 0.05 and **<i>P</i> < 0.01 compared to all other treatments. ⁺<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to MRS broth. Error bars indicate the standard deviation.</p