16 research outputs found
ŠTO O PROIZVODIMA BILJNOG PODRIJETLA NA HRVATSKOM TRŽIŠTU GOVORE ANALIZE OSTATAKA PESTICIDA?
Sredstva za zaÅ”titu bilja pripravci su koji se sastoje ili koji sadržavaju aktivne tvari i dodatne nepesticidne tvari. Jedna od najuobiÄajenijih metoda za zaÅ”titu bilja i biljnih proizvoda od utjecaja Å”tetnih organizama svakako je uporaba aktivnih tvari u sredstvima za zaÅ”titu bilja. MeÄutim, moguÄa posljedica njihove uporabe može biti prisutnost ostatka na tretiranim proizvodima, u životinjama koje se hrane tim proizvodima i u medu koji su proizvele pÄele izložene tim tvarima. Analize ostataka pesticida u proizvodima biljnog i životinjskog podrijetla provode se u analitiÄkim laboratorijima i koriste se multirezidualne metode (MRM) ili pojedinaÄne metode (SRM). Rezultati analiza ocjenjuju se sukladno Uredbi 396/2005 za konvencionalne proizvode i na temelju Uredbe (EZ) 889/2008 za proizvode iz ekoloÅ”ke proizvodnje
Influence of Dance on the Movement of Persons With Parkinsonās Disease
Uvod: Neka istraživanja ukazuju na to da ples utjeÄe na poboljÅ”anje hoda i balansa osoba s Parkinsonovom boleÅ”Äu te kako utjecaj glazbe i ritma facilitira kretanje i brzinu kod ljudi s Parkinsonovom boleÅ”Äu. Blagotvorni uÄinci ritma i glazbe proizlaze iz aktiviranja neuralnih struktura ukljuÄenih u kretanje i odreÄivanje vremena.
Metode: Rad je sustavni pregled literature pretraživanjem relevantnih Älanaka baza podataka PubMed, PE-Dro, LILACS i Cochrane library od 2007. do 2020. godine. Kriteriji su istraživanja koja se bave utjecajem tanga na hod i balans kod osoba s Parkinsonovom boleÅ”Äu primjenom standardiziranih testova Berg balans skale (BBS), testa Time up and go (TUG) i Unified ParkinsonŹ¼s Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS-III). Iz sustavnog pregleda literature od ukupno 65 pronaÄenih radova ukljuÄeno je Å”est Älanaka koji zadovoljavaju zadane kriterije.
Rezultati: UsporeÄujuÄi trajanje intervencija, istraživanja su se provodila uglavnom kratkoroÄno i intenzivno te dugoroÄno i umjereno. Prakticiranjem tanga u kratkoroÄnom ili dugoroÄnom razdoblju dolazi ne samo do poboljÅ”anja balansa nego i poveÄanja tjelesnog fitnesa. Rezultati kratkoroÄnih istraživanja pokazala su statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike kod testova UPDRS-III i BBS u korist skupina koje su kao intervenciju imale tango, dok se kod dugoroÄnih istraživanja uoÄavaju poboljÅ”anja u balansu i hodu koja se nisu pokazala kod kratkoroÄne i intenzivne intervencije tangom.
ZakljuÄak: Dokazi o poboljÅ”anju funkcionalne mobilnosti i balansa potiÄu na proÅ”irivanje spektra rehabilitacije kod osoba s Parkinsonovom boleÅ”Äu jer je tango ples koji svojim ritmom, glazbom i Å”irinom koraka itekako pronalazi mjesto u rehabilitaciji osoba s Parkinsonovom boleÅ”Äu.Introduction: Some research suggest that dancing improves gait and balance in people with Parkinsonās disease. Also suggest influence of music and rhythm on speed and facilitation of movement in people with Parkinsonās disease. The beneficial effects of rhythm and music result from the activation of neural structures involved in movement and timing.
Methods: This paper is a systematic review of the literature searched through relevant database Pubmed, PEDro, LILACS and Cochrane library published in the period from 2007 to 2020. Our criteria for including papers in review were research on tango impact on gait and balance in people with Parkinsonās disease, use of standard tests as Berg balance scale (BBS), Time up and go test (TUG) and Unified ParkinsonŹ¼s Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS-III). After preformed review only 6 researches were selected in further analysis.
Results: Comparing the duration of interventions, the researches were conducted mainly in the short term and intensive and in the long term and moderate. Tango dancing in the short term or long term leads to an improvement not only in balance but also in improvements in body fitness. The results from short term researches showed statistically significant differences in UPDRS III and BBS in tango dancing groups. While in long-term studies we observed improvements in balance and gait which was not shown in short term and intensive tango intervention.
Conclusion: Evidence of improved functional mobility and balance encourages the expansion of the spectrum of rehabilitation in people with Parkinsonās disease. Because tango is a dance that, with its rhythm, music, and step width, finds a place in the rehabilitation of people with Parkinsonās disease
Provjera autentiÄnosti ekstrakta lista biljke Ginkgo biloba L. i proizvoda koji ga sadrže na hrvatskom tržiÅ”tu putem analize koliÄine i omjera ginkoflavonoglikozida (kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin) i terpenskih trilaktona u svrhu otkrivanja krivotvorenih pripravaka opasnih za zdravlje korisnika
Ginkgo biloba L. is the eldest plant growing on the Earth; preparations made of its leaves and seeds represent an integral part of the Chinese medicine for over a millennium. The plant species was first discovered by Linnaeus in 1771, its name thereby originating from the Latin words
bis (two) and lobus (lobe), which duly illustrate the specific shape of its leaf. Contemporary Ginkgo biloba L. plant based pharmaceuticals mostly comprise extracts recovered from leaves harvested during fall, when the concentration of active components reaches its peak. Recent investigations have managed to establish the chemical composition of the plant leaf, together with the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects on rheological profile of the blood and acceleration of its flow. High price of these preparations and their vast popularity have soon become an incentive for counterfeiting Ginkgo biloba L. extracts and the release of bogus drugs comprising cheaper extracts coming from other plants. Namely, modern Ginkgo biloba L.-based medicinal products and food supplements comprise extracts recovered from the plant leaf that get to be standardized according to its key pharmacological active
components, most often flavone glycosides (represented in the share of 22%-27%) and terpene trilactones (represented in the share of 6%-7%). The flavonoids that predominate such preparations and are most relevant from the pharmacological standpoint are quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, their total amount and mutual ratios, thereby being an unquestionable indicator of the extract authenticity.
Therefore, most of the analyses aiming at verifying the authenticity of a given Ginkgo biloba L.-based product boil down to the analysis of these parameters. Counterfeiting involves partial or full replacement of the Ginkgo biloba L. extract (GBE) with a cheaper plant extract of a similar composition, the latter occasionally being enriched with an additional amount of flavonoids, most often quercetin, not originating from the Ginkgo biloba L. plant. The aim of this study was to verify the authenticity and quality of Ginkgo biloba L.-based products circulating on the Croatian market. To that effect, 10 samples of products produced by various manufacturers were analyzed in a certified laboratory. The
parameters based on which the authenticity of the preparations was assessed were the shares of aglycones of typical ginkgo flavone glycosides, that is to say, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, and
mutual ratios of the established quantities of quercetin to kaempferol as the key clues to unmasking Ginkgo extracts counterfeiting. The amount of ginkgo flavone glycosides was established using high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis proved 80% of the samples analyzed to be conformant to the label statements as regards the total amount of flavone glycosides and their mutual ratios. In 20% of the samples, the ratio of quercetin to kaempferol deviated from normal values; on top of that, the presence of the phytoestrogen genistein, one of the components typically comprised by the Sophora japonica L. plant, was also proven, documenting counterfeiting of the GBE and its replacement by the Sophora japonica L. extracts in the samples under consideration. Due to the untrue label statements descriptive of these products, the information on the presence of pharmacologically active
genistein was neglected to be mentioned despite its unfavorable health impact that can be expected in some consumer groups. The results of this study indicated the frequency of counterfeiting the Ginkgo biloba L.-based products found on the Croatian market to be deemed substantial. Therefore, a more rigorous and more thorough control of these products and sanctioning of irresponsible manufacturers and distributers is proposed, so as to contribute to a higher market representation of high-quality products, as well as to avoid health risks and downsize the rate of their counterfeiting.Ginkgo biloba L. najstarija je biljka na zemlji, a pripravci od njegovih listova i sjemenaka dio su kineske medicine veÄ viÅ”e tisuÄa godina. Vrstu je 1771. godine otkrio Linnaeus, a ime je dobila od latinskih rijeÄi bis, tj. dva i lobus zbog specifiÄnog oblika lista. DanaÅ”nji farmaceutski oblici biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadrže uglavnom ekstrakte iz listova ubranih ujesen kada je najveÄa koncentracija aktivnih komponenata. Suvremenim istraživanjima odreÄen je kemijski sastav njegovog lista, a utvrÄeni su i mehanizmi njegovog pozitivnog djelovanja na reoloÅ”ka svojstva krvi i ubrzanje njezinog protoka. Visoka cijena i velika popularnost ubrzo su postali poticaj za krivotvorenje ekstrakta biljke Ginkgo biloba L. jeftinijim ekstraktima drugih biljaka. Naime, suvremeni medicinski proizvodi i dodaci prehrani na osnovi biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadrže ekstrakte njegovog lista koji se standardiziraju prema njegovim kljuÄnim farmakoloÅ”ki aktivnim sastavnicama; najÄeÅ”Äe je to 22%-27% flavonoid glikozida i 6%-7% terpenskih trilaktona. Kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin su dominantni i farmakoloÅ”ki najvažniji flavonoidi, a njihova ukupna koliÄina i meÄusobni omjeri nedvojben su pokazatelj autentiÄnosti ekstrakta. Stoga se i veÄina analiza za utvrÄivanje ispravnosti proizvoda koji sadrže biljku Ginkgo biloba L. temelji na analizi ovih parametara. Krivotvorenja podrazumijevaju djelomiÄnu ili potpunu zamjenu ektrakta Ginkgo biloba L. nekim jeftinijim biljnim ekstraktom sliÄnog sastava uz eventualno obogaÄivanje dodatnom koliÄinom flavonoida, najÄeÅ”Äe kvercetina, koji ne potjeÄu od biljke Ginkgo biloba L. Svrha ovoga rada bila je provjeriti autentiÄnost i kakvoÄu pripravaka Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tržiÅ”tu. Analizirano
je ukupno 10 uzoraka razliÄitih proizvoÄaÄa. Kao pokazatelji njihove ispravnosti odreÄivani su udjeli aglikona karakteristiÄnih
ginkoflavonoglikozida: kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin te omjeri naÄenih koliÄina kvercetina i kempferola kao kljuÄni pokazatelji krivotvorenja ginkgo-ekstrakta. KoliÄina ginkoflavonoglikozida odreÄena je metodom tekuÄinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti. Analizom je utvrÄeno da 80% uzoraka odgovara navodima deklaracije u pogledu ukupne koliÄine flavonoglikozida kao i u pogledu njihovog meÄusobnog omjera. U 20% uzoraka omjer kvercetina i kempferola odstupao je od uobiÄajenih vrijednosti, a dokazano je i prisustvo fitoestrogena genisteina, jedne od karakteristiÄnih sastavnica biljke Sophora japonica L., Äijim ekstraktom je krivotvoren ginkgo-ekstrakt u analiziranim uzorcima. Zbog neistinite deklaracije na proizvodima koji su sadržavali ove ekstrakte izostalo je i obvezno upozorenje o prisutnosti farmakoloÅ”ki aktivnog genisteina koji može izazvati neželjene zdravstvene posljedice kod pojedinih skupina potroÅ”aÄa. Rezultati ovoga rada ukazuju na znaÄajnu pojavnost krivotvorenja proizvoda biljke Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tržiÅ”tu te se zbog toga predlaže njihova
temeljitija kontrola kao i sankcioniranje neodgovornih proizvoÄaÄa i trgovaca, Äime bi se doprinijelo veÄem udjelu kvalitetnijih proizvoda i izbjegli zdravstveni rizici te smanjila pojavnost prijevare
Flower honey as a potential bio-indicator of environmental pollution by pesticides in the Varaždin County
Cilj: U ovom istraživanju uzorci cvjetnoga meda koriÅ”teni su kao bio-pokazatelji oneÄiÅ”Äenja okoliÅ”a pesticidima. Materijal i metode: Ukupno je prikupljeno 40 (4x10) uzoraka sa 4 razliÄite prostorne lokacije (subregije), u ukupno 16 opÄina, od proizvoÄaÄa meda u Varaždinskoj županiji, kao i 20 (2x10) uzoraka s dvije razliÄite lokacije proizvoÄaÄa u susjednoj županiji, registriranih kao "ekoloÅ”kih proizvoÄaÄi", a udaljenih od poljoprivrednih povrÅ”ina pod konvencionalnom proizvodnjom. Analize su provedene koriÅ”tenjem vezanog sustava plinske kromatografije i spektrometrije masa (GCMS) i tekuÄinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC). Rezultati: Identificirano je i kvantificirano 78 aktivnih sastojaka pesticide, koji su dio od ukupno cca 400 pesticida koji se analiziraju u voÄu i povrÄu, a za koje je laboratorij raspolagao analitiÄkom opremom koja i dijelom odreÄuje i vrstu i broj pesticida koje se detektiraju. Rezultati analiza ukazali su na moguÄi uzroÄno posljediÄni odnos izmeÄu konvencionalnih poljoprivrednih aktivnosti u Varaždinskoj županiji s identificiranim i kvantificiranim aktivnim sastojcima pesticida. Iz rezultata dobivenih na udjelima identificiranih i kvantificiranih ostataka pesticida, s obzirom na dopustivost, vidljivo je da je udio dopuÅ”tenih pesticida u uzorcima cvjetnoga meda iznosio 55,2%, dok je udio ilegalnih pesticida iznosio 44,8%. AnalizirajuÄi broj otkrivenih insekticida i fungicida, ukupno na sve 4 lokacije utvrÄeno je da cvjetni med sadrži 13 razliÄitih vrsta insekticida i 3 vrste fungicida. ZakljuÄak: Rezultati i statistiÄka analiza podataka pokazuju da je cvjetni med dobar bio-indikator oneÄiÅ”Äenja okoliÅ”a pesticidima, te stoga ova studija može poslužiti kao osnova za znanstvenike i struÄnjake koji se bave istraživanjem Å”tetnih uÄinaka pesticida na okoliÅ” i ljudsko zdravlje.Aim: In this research samples of floral honey were used as bio-indicators of environmental pollution by pesticides. Material and methods: A total of 40 (4x10) samples from bee farms were collected at 4 different locations (sub-regions) including 16 municipalities in the Varaždin County, as well as 20 (2x10) samples from two locations ā bee-farms registered as "ecological producers" in the neighborhood County, both located far away from conventional agricultural production. Analyses were carried out using the gas chromatography joint system with mass spectrometry (GCMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Identification and quantification of 78 pesticide active ingredients were performed which are part of a total of approximately 400 pesticides that are usually analyzed in fruits and vegetables whereby the laboratory had available analytical equipment that also determined the number of detected pesticides. Due to identified and quantified active ingredients of pesticides, the results of analyses might indicate a possible cause-effect relationship with conventional agricultural activities in the Varaždin County. It was evident from the obtained results on the shares of identified and quantified pesticide residues, and with respect to admissibility, that the share of permitted pesticides in the samples of floral honey accounted for 55.2%, while the share of illegal pesticides accounted for 44.8%. Analyzing the number of detected insecticides and fungicides, on a total of all 4 locations (sub-regions), it was found that floral honey contained 13 different types of insecticides and 3 types of fungicides. Conclusion: The results and statistical data analysis showed that floral honey is a good bio-indicator of environmental pollution by pesticides, therefore this study can serve as a basis for scientists and experts engaged in the research of harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health
OdreÄivanje ohratoksina A u bijelom i crnom vinu
Mikotoksini su sekundarni produkti plijesni i vrlo Äesti kontaminanti hrane. NajÄeÅ”Äe su njima kontaminirane žitarice, ali istraživanja ukazuju na to da i druge vrste namirnica mogu biti kontaminirane mikotoksinima. Vino je namirnica koja je najÄeÅ”Äe kontaminirana ohratoksinom A (OTA), koji nastaje kao produkt plijesni nastale na grožÄu ili kasnije tijekom njegove prerade, a kao i veÄina drugih mikotoksina, Å”tetno utjeÄe na zdravlje ljudi i životinja, te se njihova prisutnost u hrani redovito provjerava. U ovome radu analizirali smo bijela i crna vina iz podregije koprivniÄko-ÄurÄevaÄkog vinogorja na prisutnost ohratoksina A kojeg sintetiziraju plijesni iz skupine Aspergillus ochraceus i Penicillium viridicatum. Kao Älanica Europske Unije, Hrvatska je prihvatila Uredbu 1881/2006 o utvrÄivanju najveÄih dopuÅ”tenih koliÄina odreÄenih kontaminanata u hrani koja jednoznaÄno utvrÄuje najviÅ”e dopuÅ”tene koncentracije ohratoksina A u odreÄenim vrstama hrane, ukljuÄujuÄi i vino. Ukupno je analizirano 34 uzorka vina, 19 bijelih vina i 15 uzoraka crnih vina. Vrijednosti OTA kretale su se u rasponu od 0,269 do 1,696 g/L za bijelo vino i od 0,254 do 0,565 g/L za crno vino. Nakon izolacije, kvantifikacija ohratoksina A iz vina provedena je imunoenzimskom tehnikom ELISA. Sve dobivene vrijednosti ohratoksina A u analiziranim uzorcima vina niže su od najveÄe dozvoljene koliÄine koja iznosi 2 g/L, te su ocijenjena sukladnim i prihvatljivim za konzumaciju. Obzirom na dobivene rezultate može se zakljuÄiti da je evidentna prisutnost ohratoksina A u vinima, te je neophodno kontinuirao pratiti njegove vrijednosti u vinima na tržiÅ”tu, a sve u svrhu zaÅ”tite zdravlja potroÅ”aÄa
Determiniranje teÅ”kih metala u razliÄitim vrstama riba uzorkovanih na hrvatskim tržnicama i moguÄi utjecaj na zdravlje
The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare the amount of heavy metals in the meat of white (N = 39) and blue (N = 35) sea fish, considering the spring (N = 38) and fall (N = 36) catch period to study the possible type and seasonal differences especially in Hg concentrations in fish, and to estimate if the amounts registered can have a harmful effect on consumer health. The fish were chosen as an indicator of eco-system contamination with mercury and other heavy metals. The amount of heavy metals, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), in both groups was lower than the Highest Permissible Amounts regulated by law in Croatia and the European Union. Mercury (Hg) exceeded the maximum allowed value in just a number of samples 3/74 (0.04%), while it is relevant for arsenic (As) to be present in almost any sample, although it has simultaneously not been regulated by law. The statistically significant value of arsenic exists in blue fish during the spring period, and the amount of mercury is higher in white fish compared to blue fish. Also a statistically significant difference in mercury levels was recorded during fall compared to spring,. Given the dietary habits and frequent fish consumption in Croatia, there is no risk of harmful health effects.Cilj ovoga rada bio je odrediti i usporediti koliÄinu teÅ”kih metala u 74 uzorka bijele (N = 39) i plave ribe (N = 35), uzorkovanih u proljetnom (N = 38) i jesenskom razdoblju (N = 36), kako bi se istražila moguÄa razlika u koncentracijama teÅ”kih metala, posebice žive, ovisno o sezoni ulova ili tipu ribe i procijenilo mogu li determinirane koliÄine imati Å”tetnih utjecaja na zdravlje potroÅ”aÄa. Riba je izabrana, buduÄi da je ona indikator zagaÄenja teÅ”kim metalima u eko sustavu. KoliÄina teÅ”kih metala, olova (Pb) i kadmija (Cd), u obje grupe uzoraka, bila je niža od maksimalnih dopuÅ”tenih koncentracija prema hrvatskih i europskim zakonima. KoliÄina žive (Hg) bila je viÅ”e od maksimalnih dopuÅ”tenih koncentracija u vrlo malom broju uzoraka 3/74 (0,04%). MeÄutim, u uzrocima su zabilježene relevantne koliÄine arsena (As), iako koliÄine arsena nisu regulirane hrvatskim propisima. Multivarijatna statistiÄka obrada (neparametrijski Mann-Whitney U test) pokazala je statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike u koliÄini arsena u proljetnom razdoblju u odnosu na jesensko razdoblje, kao Å”to je i izmjerena koliÄina žive statistiÄki znaÄajno bila viÅ”a u bijeloj u odnosu na plavu ribu, te ona izmjerena u jesenskom razdoblju u odnosu na proljetno. UzevÅ”i, meÄutim, u obzir potroÅ”aÄke navike i uÄestalost konzumacije ribe u Hrvatskoj, izmjerene koncentracije nisu povezane s rizikom Å”tetnih posljedica na zdravlje potroÅ”aÄa
Flower honey as a potential bio-indicator of environmental pollution by pesticides in the Varaždin County
Cilj: U ovom istraživanju uzorci cvjetnoga meda koriÅ”teni su kao bio-pokazatelji oneÄiÅ”Äenja okoliÅ”a pesticidima. Materijal i metode: Ukupno je prikupljeno 40 (4x10) uzoraka sa 4 razliÄite prostorne lokacije (subregije), u ukupno 16 opÄina, od proizvoÄaÄa meda u Varaždinskoj županiji, kao i 20 (2x10) uzoraka s dvije razliÄite lokacije proizvoÄaÄa u susjednoj županiji, registriranih kao "ekoloÅ”kih proizvoÄaÄi", a udaljenih od poljoprivrednih povrÅ”ina pod konvencionalnom proizvodnjom. Analize su provedene koriÅ”tenjem vezanog sustava plinske kromatografije i spektrometrije masa (GCMS) i tekuÄinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC). Rezultati: Identificirano je i kvantificirano 78 aktivnih sastojaka pesticide, koji su dio od ukupno cca 400 pesticida koji se analiziraju u voÄu i povrÄu, a za koje je laboratorij raspolagao analitiÄkom opremom koja i dijelom odreÄuje i vrstu i broj pesticida koje se detektiraju. Rezultati analiza ukazali su na moguÄi uzroÄno posljediÄni odnos izmeÄu konvencionalnih poljoprivrednih aktivnosti u Varaždinskoj županiji s identificiranim i kvantificiranim aktivnim sastojcima pesticida. Iz rezultata dobivenih na udjelima identificiranih i kvantificiranih ostataka pesticida, s obzirom na dopustivost, vidljivo je da je udio dopuÅ”tenih pesticida u uzorcima cvjetnoga meda iznosio 55,2%, dok je udio ilegalnih pesticida iznosio 44,8%. AnalizirajuÄi broj otkrivenih insekticida i fungicida, ukupno na sve 4 lokacije utvrÄeno je da cvjetni med sadrži 13 razliÄitih vrsta insekticida i 3 vrste fungicida. ZakljuÄak: Rezultati i statistiÄka analiza podataka pokazuju da je cvjetni med dobar bio-indikator oneÄiÅ”Äenja okoliÅ”a pesticidima, te stoga ova studija može poslužiti kao osnova za znanstvenike i struÄnjake koji se bave istraživanjem Å”tetnih uÄinaka pesticida na okoliÅ” i ljudsko zdravlje.Aim: In this research samples of floral honey were used as bio-indicators of environmental pollution by pesticides. Material and methods: A total of 40 (4x10) samples from bee farms were collected at 4 different locations (sub-regions) including 16 municipalities in the Varaždin County, as well as 20 (2x10) samples from two locations ā bee-farms registered as "ecological producers" in the neighborhood County, both located far away from conventional agricultural production. Analyses were carried out using the gas chromatography joint system with mass spectrometry (GCMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Identification and quantification of 78 pesticide active ingredients were performed which are part of a total of approximately 400 pesticides that are usually analyzed in fruits and vegetables whereby the laboratory had available analytical equipment that also determined the number of detected pesticides. Due to identified and quantified active ingredients of pesticides, the results of analyses might indicate a possible cause-effect relationship with conventional agricultural activities in the Varaždin County. It was evident from the obtained results on the shares of identified and quantified pesticide residues, and with respect to admissibility, that the share of permitted pesticides in the samples of floral honey accounted for 55.2%, while the share of illegal pesticides accounted for 44.8%. Analyzing the number of detected insecticides and fungicides, on a total of all 4 locations (sub-regions), it was found that floral honey contained 13 different types of insecticides and 3 types of fungicides. Conclusion: The results and statistical data analysis showed that floral honey is a good bio-indicator of environmental pollution by pesticides, therefore this study can serve as a basis for scientists and experts engaged in the research of harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health
Early Endosomal Vps34-Derived Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate Is Indispensable for the Biogenesis of the Endosomal Recycling Compartment
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P), a major identity tag of early endosomes (EEs), provides a platform for the recruitment of numerous cellular proteins containing an FYVE or PX domain that is required for PI3P-dependent maturation of EEs. Most of the PI3P in EEs is generated by the activity of Vps34, a catalytic component of class III phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase (PI3Ks) complex. In this study, we analyzed the role of Vps34-derived PI3P in the EE recycling circuit of unperturbed cells using VPS34-IN1 (IN1), a highly specific inhibitor of Vps34. IN1-mediated PI3P depletion resulted in the rapid dissociation of recombinant FYVE- and PX-containing PI3P-binding modules and endogenous PI3P-binding proteins, including EEA1 and EE sorting nexins. IN1 treatment triggered the rapid restructuring of EEs into a PI3P-independent functional configuration, and after IN1 washout, EEs were rapidly restored to a PI3P-dependent functional configuration. Analysis of the PI3P-independent configuration showed that the Vps34-derived PI3P is not essential for the pre-EE-associated functions and the fast recycling loop of the EE recycling circuit but contributes to EE maturation toward the degradation circuit, as previously shown in Vps34 knockout and knockdown studies. However, our study shows that Vps34-derived PI3P is also essential for the establishment of the Rab11a-dependent pathway, including recycling cargo sorting in this pathway and membrane flux from EEs to the pericentriolar endosomal recycling compartment (ERC). Rab11a endosomes of PI3P-depleted cells expanded and vacuolized outside the pericentriolar area without the acquisition of internalized transferrin (Tf). These endosomes had high levels of FIP5 and low levels of FIP3, suggesting that their maturation was arrested before the acquisition of FIP3. Consequently, Tf-loaded-, Rab11a/FIP5-, and Rab8a-positive endosomes disappeared from the pericentriolar area, implying that PI3P-associated functions are essential for ERC biogenesis. ERC loss was rapidly reversed after IN1 washout, which coincided with the restoration of FIP3 recruitment to Rab11a-positive endosomes and their dynein-dependent migration to the cell center. Thus, our study shows that Vps34-derived PI3P is indispensable in the recycling circuit to maintain the slow recycling pathway and biogenesis of the ERC
Endosomal Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate is Essential for the Final Assembly of CMV Virions
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) initiate the stepwise establishment of their cytoplasmic virion assembly compartment (cVAC) at the earliest stages of infection by expanding the interface between early endosomes (EEs) and endosomal recycling compartment (ERC) and relocating the Golgi complex. This membranous organelle reorganization involves phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P)-containing membrane domains, as PI(3)P is the master regulator of the EE pathway. Our goal was to investigate the contribution of PI(3)P-dependent EE domains to cVAC biogenesis and their role in the consequent progression of the CMV life cycle. Our functional analysis of PI(3)P was based on rapid depletion of PI(3)P production at EE membranes using VPS34-IN1, a specific and reversible inhibitor of Vps34 component of class III PI(3)P kinase, and on saturation of PI(3)P by overexpression of recombinant PI(3)P-binding domains (2xFYVE, p40PX). PI(3)P depletion led to rapid reorganization of the Rab11a-dependent pathway of the ERC, and abolished recycling cargo sorting in this pathway as well as membrane flux from EE to the ERC. Despite these alterations and although PI(3)P+ and Vps34+ endosomes build a substantial part of cVAC, the PI(3)P inhibition did not prevent the establishment of infection, rogression through the early phase of infection, and membrane reorganization associated with cVAC development, as analyzed by confocal imaging and Western blot analysis. However, the drastically reduced viral growth under PI(3)P depletion and the significant inhibition of late infection events (DNA replication, late protein expression) together with the reduced release of infectious virions suggest that PI(3)P is essential for entry into the late phase of infection and the final formation of progeny virions