17 research outputs found

    SystÚmes graphématiques et écritures des langues signées

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    Depuis quelques dĂ©cennies, les langues des signes (LS) connaissent l’apparition de systĂšmes de notations qui s’inscrivent dans une pratique dominĂ©e par les Ă©critures de langues vocales (LV). Alors que ces derniĂšres sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par une rupture de modalitĂ© entre l’écrit et l’oral, les LS introduisent la situation inĂ©dite d’un possible partage des modalitĂ©s en convoquant dans leur production les mĂȘmes articulateurs (le membre supĂ©rieur) et dans leur rĂ©ception la mĂȘme modalitĂ© visuelle. Ces circonstances de partage des mĂȘmes modalitĂ©s gestuo-visuelle placent l’écriture et l’oralitĂ© des LS dans un rapport de coexistence, voire de sĂ©miotiques partagĂ©es. L’acte d’écrire peut alors se manifester comme une inscription des dimensions formelles (parfois hautement graphiques) et gestuelles intrinsĂšques de l’oralitĂ© et de l’expression des LS. Nous chercherons dans cet article Ă  dĂ©velopper les fondements d’une approche analogique visuo-gestuelle ancrĂ©e d’une part dans l’oralitĂ©, c’est Ă  dire le geste, et d’autre part dans le tracĂ© comme vecteur de sens communs Ă  la langue et son Ă©criture. ConsidĂ©rer ainsi l’expĂ©rience scripturale trouve un Ă©cho dans la thĂ©orie cognitive de l’énaction (Varela et al., 1991) ou plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement dans les hypothĂšses portant sur la cognition incarnĂ©e.Nous prĂ©senterons trois des principaux systĂšmes de notation actuellement en usage, dont l’usage est le plus souvent limitĂ© aux chercheurs en linguistique de ces langues. Les principales caractĂ©ristiques de ces systĂšmes de notation seront abordĂ©es ; il s’agit de leur lisibilitĂ© en lien avec le formalisme sur lequel ils s’appuient, et aussi de leur capacitĂ© Ă  ĂȘtre Ă©crits et maniĂ©s (en particulier au regard du principe de linĂ©aritĂ© des Ă©critures existantes). Dans une deuxiĂšme partie, les problĂ©matiques que l’écriture des LS posent seront exposĂ©es en dĂ©tails : l’articulation des modalitĂ©s de production et des modalitĂ©s sĂ©miotique orale/Ă©crite, les domaines analogiques exploitables dans la construction des principes glyphiques et les rapports sĂ©miotiques nouveaux entre traces et tracĂ©s qu’apporte l’écriture des LS. Dans la troisiĂšme partie, quelques Ă©lĂ©ments des thĂ©ories sur l’écriture seront examinĂ©s au regard de ce qu’une Ă©criture des LS apporte. Ils seront illustrĂ©s par le systĂšme de notation pour les LS appelĂ© « Typannot » (sur lequel les auteurs du prĂ©sent article travaillent) et plus spĂ©cifiquement par ses choix graphĂ©matiques et typographiques. Nous dĂ©veloppons pour cela une rĂ©flexion Ă  plusieurs niveaux rendant compte de ce couplage entre la technique et notre activitĂ© scripturale, portant sur la lisibilitĂ©, la modularitĂ©, la scripturalitĂ© et l’automatisation (requĂȘtabilitĂ©). Ces critĂšres constituent le cadre d’une rĂ©flexion prenant racine dans les systĂšmes d’écriture des LV pour Ă©voluer vers des problĂ©matiques proprement liĂ©es aux modalitĂ©s gestuelles et formelles des LS.Over the last few decades, various writing systems for sign languages (SLs) have been developed in a context where vocal languages (VLs) obviously prevail. In fact, VLs are characterized by a switch of modality between writing and speaking, while SLs present a brand new situation with the possibility of sharing modalities. Indeed, in the act of speaking and writing, SLs use similar modalities (upper body limbs movement) and reception (vision). This unprecedented situation of shared visuo-gestural modalities allows writing and speaking to meet in a form of cohabitation, sharing semiotic features. Scripturality may emerge from the formal (highly graphical in many situations) and gestural dimensions that are inherent to oral expression in SLs. The goal of this article is to establish an approach that links visuo-gestual modalities. On one hand, this approach is founded in ‘orality,’ i.e., in gesture; on the other hand, this approach is rooted in the act of drawing (tracing) as a link between language and writing. Similarly to the way SLs are able to assign meaning to movements, the meaning represented in the marks intended to be read can be back-traced to the body in action. To consider the scriptural experience in this way resonates with the cognitive theory of enaction (Varela et al., 1991) and, more broadly, with the hypotheses of embodied cognition.First we will present the three main notation systems that are used—almost exclusively—among researchers in linguistics studies of SLs. We will discuss their specific characteristics: the visual principles on which they are built in regard to their legibility, and also their ability to be written and used (focusing on the principle of linearity found in other writing systems). In the second part, we will explore in detail some issues of writing SLs such as: how can we articulate the modalities of the act of writing with the semiotic modalities of language itself? What are the analogies available to build a glyphic system? Can the act of tracing and the trace itself boost new semiotic relations in the writing of SLs? In the third part, we will look at some theoretical aspects of existing writing systems and put them into the perspective of the writing of SLs. Finally, this matter will be dealt with through the presentation of Typannot, a notation system on which we are currently working. We will focus on describing the graphematic and typographic principles of this new system. Several conceptual levels are envisioned in order to justify the coupling between technical aspects and writing/tracing activity, with the goal of obtaining a system aimed at: readability, modularity, writability and searchability. These criteria are an attempt to translate concepts of writing systems in VLs for specific issues related to the visual and gestural modalities of SLs

    Typannot a Glyphic embodiment for SL

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    International audienc

    Typannot: un sistema di glifi per la trascrizione delle forme manuali

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    (similar to C037)International audienceExisting writing systems for SL (SignWriting [Sutton, 1974]; HamNoSys [Prillwitz et al., 1989]) have seldom taken into account the results of the phonology of SL. Yet, the diversity of phonological approaches and the scope of the results, especially for handshapes, are very rich and may cover many languages (Johnson & Liddell, 2011; Ann, 2005; Eccarius & Brentari, 2008). In the context of SL study, three distinct functions can mainly define a writing system: the readibility, the writability and the searchability. None of the existing systems offers a good compromise. In this work, we present the construction of a graphematic system able to cover all SL handshapes existing in the world, consisting of features based on a phonological description (Eccarius & Brentari, 2008). This multidisciplinary project, summoning linguists and type designers, aims at producing a readable and stable, unambiguous and fully searchable glyphic system that provides a relevant solution for the transcription of SL and for a forthcoming writing. The graphematic and the glyphic systems (237 glyphs) are modular and adaptable to new configurations as needed, potentially including all the 120 SLs found in the world. The conception of the glyphs was equally guided by the highlighted phonological/phonetical features (graphematic system) and the graphical and scriptural rules (glyph formula) (Bringhurst, 2004; Billeter, 2010).We consider that the phonetics for handshapes is praxis: beside a linguistic use, phonetic doesn’t exist for signs apart from the manual activities. The influence of the gestural praxis on the symbolic gestures is investigated here (connection between phonology and phonetics). What roles do the handshapes of prehension play (Napier, 1956) on SL handshapes (Marzke, 1986)? The distribution of the selection of the fingers, the independence of each finger, and the behavior of each phalanx have been studied. The results challenge the ideas developped by Ann (2005) in favour of Napier’s hypothesis of power and precise grips. This analysis suggests an influence of phonetics on the phonology of the handshapes. These features helped designing the shapes and the graphematic system we use, and on which we build the glyph formula.Following this work, and according to the phonological graphematic description of handshapes by Eccarius & Brentari (2008), a modular graphic system based on phonological key components was devised. This approach allowed an economical and visual, yet rigorous, design process. These glyphs have been tested during a protocol leading to a recognition task (52 subjects) and a compositional task (6 subjects). The results underlined the need to follow logical construction rules using limited numbers of compounds (Version 2), as opposed to more customized shapes for each configuration (V1). After this first phase we are organizing and encoding the glyphs in order for them to be fully searchable through the Unicode standard.Bibliography:−Ann, Jean. “A functional explanation of Taiwan Sign Language handshape frequency”. Language and Linguistics (Taipei) 6, no 2 (2005): 217.−Billeter, Jean François. Essai sur l’art chinois de l’écriture et ses fondements, Paris, Allia,‎ 2010, 416 p.−Bringshurst, Robert. The solid form of language: an essay on writing and meaning. 2004, Gaspereau.−Eccarius, Petra, and Brentari, Diane. “Handshape coding made easier: a theoretically based notation for phonological transcription”. Sign Language & Linguistics 11, no 1 (2008): 69-101.−Johnson, Robert E., and Scott K. Liddell. “Toward a phonetic representation of hand configuration: the fingers”. Sign Language Studies 12, no 1 (2011a): 545. doi: 10.1353/sls.2011.0013−Johnson, Robert E., and Scott K. Liddell. “Toward a phonetic representation of hand configuration: the thumb”. Sign Language Studies 12, no 2 (2011b): 316-333. doi: 10.1353/sls.2011.0020−Marzke, Mary W., and M. Steven Shackley. “Hominid hand use in the Pliocene and Pleistocene: Evidence from experimental archaeology and comparative morphology”. Journal of Human Evolution 15, no 6 (septembre 1986): 439-460. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(86)80027-6.−Napier, John R. “The prehensile movements of the human hand”. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 38, no 4 (1956): 902-913.−Prillwitz, Siegmund, Regina Leven, Heiko Zienert, Thomas Hanke, and Jan Henning. “Hamburg notation system for sign languages: an introductory guide”. Signum Press. Hamburg, 1989.−Sutton, Valery. “SignWriting for sign languages”. checked online 26/10/2012. http://www.signwriting.org

    Structuration phonologique d'un systĂšme pour annoter les Langues des Signes

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    International audienceLes systĂšmes d’écriture existants pour les Langues des Signes (LS) (SignWriting [Sutton 1974], Hamnosys [Prillwitz et al 1989], SIS5) n’ont que trĂšs peu pris en compte les rĂ©sultats de la phonologie des LS. Pourtant la diversitĂ© des approches en phonologie et la portĂ©e des rĂ©sultats notamment pour les configurations (conformation stabilisĂ©e de la main et des doigts) sont trĂšs riches et couvrent parfois de nombreuses langues (Sandler 2012, Johnson & Liddell 2011, Ann 2005, Eccarius & Brentari 2008). Nous exposons ici les rĂšgles de construction d’un systĂšme graphĂ©matique capable de couvrir l’ensemble des configurations des LS du monde, composĂ© de tracĂ©s modulaires, basĂ©e sur la description phonologique de Brentari (modĂšle prosodique), offrant une lecture aisĂ©e (legibility, McMonnies 1999), une Ă©criture simple, non ambiguĂ« et requĂȘtable, rĂ©alisĂ©e dans le cadre d’un projet pluridisciplinaire convoquant linguistes et designers typographes. 237 configurations sont reprĂ©sentĂ©es sur la base de la description phonologique d’Eccarius & Brentari faite pour 9 LS (2008). Le systĂšme de description phonologique initial est rĂ©duit Ă  9 rĂšgles ; ceci permet de diminuer le nombre d’informations nĂ©cessaire Ă  la graphie/lecture. Le systĂšme graphĂ©matique et glyphique, modulable, est extensible Ă  de nouvelles configurations si besoin, incluant potentiellement les 120 LS du monde (recensement Ethnologue.org). Notons que la description adoptĂ©e — Eccarius & Brentari — assure une couverture assez complĂšte des configurations existantes dans les LS (237 ici contre 250 pour SignWriting basĂ© sur une combinatoire thĂ©orique)
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