Dire l’être-à-dire : l’intrépidité ontologique de Paul Ricœur

Ricœur a maintes fois, et à divers propos, souligné la nécessité de reconnaître l’antériorité d’un être-à-dire sur le dire qui répond à son injonction d’être dit. Cette visée référentielle du langage, ouvert à l’autre que lui-même, a été frappée d’exclusion par divers courants de la pensée contemporaine issus de la linguistique structurale ayant conquis sa scientificité au prix d’un enfermement dans la clôture de l’univers des signes. L’herméneutique philosophique s’emploie à fracturer cette clôture en montrant, notamment, comment le discours poétique, loin de se réduire à sa propre célébration, porte au langage des aspects du réel inaccessibles aux énoncés simplement descriptifs : l’expérience de notre être-au-monde, de notre profonde appartenance au monde de la vie.Philosophical hermeneutics attempts to break the barrier erected around the universe of signs by structural linguistics. It can do so by showing us how poetic discourse brings to language certain aspects of reality that solely descriptive language cannot hope to express: our experience as beings in the world, our deep belonging to the realm of the living.Oft und bei mancher Gelegenheit hat Ricœur die Notwendigkeit betont, das Vorhandensein eines Sein-zum-Sagen dem Sagen vorauszusetzen. Dem Sagen, das der Aufforderung des Gesagtwerdens antwortet.Diese auf die Sprache bezogene Absicht, dem Andern zugewendet, wurde von diversen Strömungen des zeitgenössischen Denkens unter dem Einfluss des Sprachstrukturalismus verpönt, ausgeschlossenen

Paul Ricœur et Michel Foucault

Très critique envers Les Mots et les Choses, Ricœur dit son admiration pour L’Usage des plaisirs et Le Souci de soi et le rapprochement de sa pensée avec celle du dernier Foucault, laissant au lecteur la tâche, difficile, d’en trouver éventuellement les signes dans Soi-même comme un autre et dans d’autres écrits portant sur la question du soi.Mais, sans jamais méconnaître la différence entre les problématiques des deux philosophes, le lecteur peut aussi, en vue d’élaborer sa propre compréhension de la question, traiter leurs textes comme des « boîtes à outils » et en extraire quelques instruments propres à s’articuler fructueusement les uns aux autres.Quite critical towards Les Mots et les Choses, Ricœur tells of his admiration of L’Usage des plaisirs and le Souci de soi and exposes the connections of his thought with that of Foucault’s latest, leaving the reader with the difficult task to possibly find traces in Soi-même comme un autre and in other texts on the question of self.Keeping in mind the difference between the two philosophers’ problematics, so as to elaborate their own understanding of the question, the readers can also consider their texts as a toolbox and extract some instruments that fruitfully combine together

Introduction

Cette livraison du Portique réunit des études concernant quelques problèmes majeurs affrontés par Ricœur dans l’élaboration de sa philosophie. Cette philosophie, il l’a définie comme une anthropologie excluant toute spéculation onto-théologique et professant son indépendance à l’égard de l’exégèse des textes bibliques qu’a, par ailleurs, pratiquée son auteur, soucieux de ne jamais mêler les sources religieuses de ses convictions aux arguments de son discours philosophique. Ricœur a pleinemen..

Introduction

Cette livraison du Portique réunit des études concernant quelques problèmes majeurs affrontés par Ricœur dans l’élaboration de sa philosophie. Cette philosophie, il l’a définie comme une anthropologie excluant toute spéculation onto-théologique et professant son indépendance à l’égard de l’exégèse des textes bibliques qu’a, par ailleurs, pratiquée son auteur, soucieux de ne jamais mêler les sources religieuses de ses convictions aux arguments de son discours philosophique. Ricœur a pleinemen..

Jacqueline Carroy et Nathalie Richard (sous la direction de), La Découverte et ses récits en sciences humaines. Champollion, Freud et les autres, Paris, L’Harmattan, « Histoire des sciences humaines », 1998 (318 pages).

Cet ouvrage rassemble les communications présentées au colloque organisé en 1995 par la Société Française pour l’histoire des sciences de l’homme qui se proposait d’explorer, par l’ana­lyse des récits de découverte, le statut problématique de la dé­couverte en sciences humaines. Plusieurs de ces interventions ayant réinscrit, dans cette en­quête sur l’imaginaire des dé­couvertes, d’inéludables interro­gations sur leur réalité ou leur « authenticité », J. Carroy et N. Richard, dans une savante..

Diet and Foraging Behaviors of Timber Rattlesnakes, Crotalus horridus, in Eastern Virginia

During a 17-yr telemetry study, we examined the diet and ambush behavior of a population of Crotalus horridus in southeastern Virginia. Forty dietary items were identified from 37 fecal samples. We documented 722 instances of snakes in an ambush posture, 61 of which were in a vertical-tree posture, as if hunting arboreal prey at the base of a tree. The most common prey items were Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), which accounted for 45 of all dietary items and represented an estimated 78 of total biomass consumed by C. horridus. Prey was not consumed in proportion to availability, based on small mammal surveys. Our analysis provides indirect evidence that the vertical-tree foraging behavior is adopted to target arboreal Eastern Gray Squirrels. Further, we provide support for the hypothesis that C. horridus alters ambush behavior to forage selectively for specific prey types

Diet and Foraging Behaviors of Timber Rattlesnakes, \u3ci\u3eCrotalus Horridus\u3c/i\u3e, in Eastern Virginia

During a 17-yr telemetry study, we examined the diet and ambush behavior of a population of Crotalus horridus in southeastern Virginia. Forty dietary items were identified from 37 fecal samples. We documented 722 instances of snakes in an ambush posture, 61% of which were in a vertical-tree posture, as if hunting arboreal prey at the base of a tree. The most common prey items were Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), which accounted for 45% of all dietary items and represented an estimated 78% of total biomass consumed by C. horridus. Prey was not consumed in proportion to availability, based on small mammal surveys. Our analysis provides indirect evidence that the vertical-tree foraging behavior is adopted to target arboreal Eastern Gray Squirrels. Further, we provide support for the hypothesis that C. horridus alters ambush behavior to forage selectively for specific prey types

Clergy work-related satisfactions in parochial ministry: the influence of personality and churchmanship

The aim of this study was to test several hypotheses that clergy work-related satisfaction could be better explained by a multidimensional rather than a unidimensional model. A sample of 1071 male stipendiary parochial clergy in the Church of England completed the Clergy Role Inventory, together with the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Factor analysis of the Clergy Role Inventory identified five separate clergy roles: Religious Instruction, Administration, Statutory Duties (conducting marriages and funerals), Pastoral Care, and Role Extension (including extra-parochial activities). Respondents also provided an indication of their predispositions on the catholic-evangelical and liberal-conservative dimensions. The significant associations of the satisfactions derived from each of the roles with the demographic, personality, and churchmanship variables were numerous, varied, and, with few exceptions, small in magnitude. Separate hierarchical regressions for each of the five roles indicated that the proportion of total variance explained by churchmanship was, in general, at least as great as that explained by personality, and was greater for three roles: Religious Instruction, Statutory Duties, and Role Extension. It was concluded that clergy satisfactions derived from different roles are not uniform and that churchmanship is at least as important as personality in accounting for clergy work satisfaction

First observations of Weddell seals foraging in sponges in Erebus Bay, Antarctica

Attaching cameras to marine mammals allows for first-hand observation of underwater behaviours that may otherwise go unseen. While studying the foraging behaviour of 26 lactating Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in Erebus Bay during the austral spring of 2018 and 2019, we witnessed three adults and one pup investigating the cavities of Rossellidae glass sponges, with one seal visibly chewing when she removed her head from the sponge. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such behaviour. While the prey item was not identifiable, some Trematomus fish (a known Weddell seal prey) use glass sponges for shelter and in which to lay their eggs. Three of the four sponge foraging observations occurred around 13:00 (NZDT). Two of the three sponge foraging adults had higher-than-average reproductive rates, and the greatest number of previous pups of any seal in our study population, each having ten pups in 12 years. This is far higher than the study population average of three previous pups (± 2.6 SD). This novel foraging strategy may have evolved in response to changes in prey availability, and could offer an evolutionary advantage to some individuals that exploit prey resources that others may not. Our observations offer new insight into the foraging behaviours of one of the world’s most studied marine mammals. Further research on the social aspects of Weddell seal behaviour may increase our understanding of the extent and mechanisms of behavioural transfer between conspecifics. Research into the specific foraging behaviour of especially successful or experienced breeders is also warranted

A decade of letrozole: FACE

Third-generation nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors (AIs), letrozole and anastrozole, are superior to tamoxifen as initial therapy for early breast cancer but have not been directly compared in a head-to-head adjuvant trial. Cumulative evidence suggests that AIs are not equivalent in terms of potency of estrogen suppression and that there may be differences in clinical efficacy. Thus, with no data from head-to-head comparisons of the AIs as adjuvant therapy yet available, the question of whether there are efficacy differences between the AIs remains. To help answer this question, the Femara versus Anastrozole Clinical Evaluation (FACE) is a phase IIIb open-label, randomized, multicenter trial designed to test whether letrozole or anastrozole has superior efficacy as adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)- and lymph node-positive breast cancer. Eligible patients (target accrual, N = 4,000) are randomized to receive either letrozole 2.5 mg or anastrozole 1 mg daily for up to 5 years. The primary objective is to compare disease-free survival at 5 years. Secondary end points include safety, overall survival, time to distant metastases, and time to contralateral breast cancer. The FACE trial will determine whether or not letrozole offers a greater clinical benefit to postmenopausal women with HR+ early breast cancer at increased risk of early recurrence compared with anastrozole