The Liver Parameters In The Collagen-Induced Arthritis

The living organisms use defensive mechanisms in their struggle to keep the inner homeostasis and potect themselves from the changes induced by external factors and penetrative agents. The manifestation of these changes depends on the character, the intensity and the duration of the agents’ activity, and on the physiological characteristics of the organism (gender, age, health condition etc.). The aim of our study was to analyze, the effects of collagen-induced arthritis (that is, the autoimmune reaction and the inflammation) on some liver parameters. We determined the content of proteins, DNA and RNA. Animals with collagen-induced arthritis showed decreased relative content of proteins in liver, compared to controls. On the contrary, the relative content of DNA and RNA were increased in animals treated with collagen

Approaches in evaluation of freeze-dried antibody conjugates

The presented experience was in freeze-drying of monoclonal antibody – rituximab, conjugated with three types of bifunctional chelating agents, p-SCN-Bn-DOTA, p-SCN-Bn-DTPA, and 1B4M-DTPA, and evaluation of possible changes in post-freeze-drying phase, using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques

Hepatoprotektivni učinak etil-acetatnog ekstrakta biljke Teucrium polium L. na jetru štakora oštećenu tetraklormetanom

Hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Teucrium polium (L.) was investigated using rats with CCl4-induced liver damage. Specific biochemical parameters (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and total antioxidative status) were estimated in blood and in liver homogenate. Lipid peroxidation in CCl4-intoxicated rats was evidenced by a marked increment in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Histopatological examinations of the liver were undertaken to monitor the liver status. Silymarin was used as a standard to compare the hepatoprotective activity of the extract. Some biochemical parameters in groups treated with the Teucrium polium extract at a dose of 25 mg kg-1, showed significantly different values than that of the CCl4-treated group. The liver biopsy of all experimental rat groups treated with the Teucrium polium ethyl acetate extract showed significant restoration of the normal histomorphological pattern of liver cells. The study substantiates the potential hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Teucrium polium L.Hepatoprotektivno djelovanje etil-acetatnog ekstrakta biljke Teucrium polium L. ispitivano je na štakorima čija je jetra oštećena tetraklormetanom. Specifični biokemijski parametri (glutation peroksidaza, superoksid dismutaza, reducirani glutation i ukupni antioksidativni status) procijenjeni su u krvi i homogenatu jetre. Lipidna peroksidacija u štakora intoksiciranih tetraklormetanom dokazana je povećanjem koncentracije reaktivnih derivata tiobarbiturne kiseline. Stanje jetre procijenjeno je histopatološkim ispitivanjima. U ispitivanjima hepatoprotektivnog djelovanja ekstrakta Teucrium polium upotrebljen je silimarin kao standard. Neki biokemijski parametri u skupini životinja tretiranih ispitivanim ekstraktom u dozi od 25 mg kg-1 imali su značajno različite vrijednosti od skupine tretirane s CCl4. Biopsija jetre u svim ispitivanim životinjama tretiranim ekstraktom pokazala je uspostavu normalnih histomorfoloških uvjeta u stanicama, što ukazuje na hepatoprotektivno djelovanje biljke Teucrium polium

Peripheral glutamate and TNF-α levels in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: Their prognostic values and interactions toward the formation of the edemal volume

Objective We aimed to evaluate the prognostic values, contribution and interactions of the peripheral blood plasma glutamate and tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels toward the formation of the perifocal edema in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods Fifty patients with ICH and fifty healthy controls were included in the study. The peripheral markers were detected by high-sensitivity ELISA. Results A highly significant differences in plasma glutamate and TNF-α levels with good separation of their values was detected between patients and healthy controls. The two variables correlated with the severity of the symptoms and the initial volume of the ICH at admission. Both peripheral glutamate and TNF-α levels at admission were estimated as significant predictors for the formation of the perifocal edema five days after ICH; nevertheless, it was shown that they independently contribute to the development of the edema, without effects of interaction and regardless the localization of the ICH. Conclusions Our results support the idea for the significance of glutamate and TNF-α as peripheral markers for excitotoxicity and inflammation in ICH patients. The developed multiple regression model for prediction of the development of the edema could be beneficial in decision making between conservative treatment and surgical intervention in the clinical practice

Small animal model in the development of radiopharmaceuticals - the step forward to clinical studies

Experimental design is obviously a critical component for the success of any research activities concerning development and evaluation of new radiopharmaceuticals. The development of new generation of radiolabeled molecules and technologies (SPECT/PET) for delivery of radioisotopes to the disease-target-sites with a high degree of precision, recognition, and target selectivity can facilitate mapping of the biochemistry of the metabolic organ function, visualizing the molecular biology of cell function, and zooming in on gene function for delineating differences in molecular biology of normal health from disease, in animals to humans. This type of imaging refines diagnostic differentiation at molecular or metabolic levels between health and disease, and among various diseases, often leading to more effective therapy. Experimental animal models have substantially contributed to a better understanding of mechanisms of disease and show the novel approaches in imaging and image analysis were equally important to meet the challenges of analyzing the complex mechanisms underlying pathophysiological processes in vivo. The appropriate animal models are not only helpful in finally proving longstanding hypotheses for development for radiopharmaceuticals but have rather been used to discover new and previously unexpected mechanisms and causal relationships. Proper animal models are key factor in successful pharmaceutical or medicinal experiment. To reduce animal number for ethical and financial reasons, cost-efficient methods where high quantities of data are achieved fast are optimal. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics studies diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals by SPECT or PET imaging followed by post mortem analysis in diseases model gives start point for further steps toward clinical applications. In this presentation, targeting properties, biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of different molecules, as potential radiopharmaceuticals have been studied in small animal models using suitable imaging modalities and post mortem analysis. The following experimentally designed animal models have been introduced in our work so far, with the intention of showing the importance of establishing procedures and protocols for experimental studies as an essential part in the development of new radiopharmaceutical products and quality control of existing radiopharmaceutical products. The rats were used for establishing of: - stasis-induced thrombus in the femoral vein after injection of thromboplastin to demonstrate Deep Venous Thrombosis using radiolabeled Tirofiban - GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor; - induced amyloidosis by multiple application of beta2-microglobulin for determination of the existence of the depositing osteoarticular tissues, condition associated with hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney diseases - collagen-induced arthritis as a model of inflammatory arthritis - bacterial abscesses by the injection of Staphylococcus aureus Mice animal models were used for: - in vivo evaluation of the radiolabelled conjugated antibodies in normal Balb/c mice and nude mice xenografts - per os administration of iodine labeled BSA loaded microspheres to show the strong adjuvant effect by inducing IgA secretion at the genito-urinary mucosa - athymic nude mice tumor bearning to demonstrate specifity of pretargeting technique referred to the Affinity Enhancement System (AES) uses bispecific antibodies and radiolabeled bivalent haptens; The use of experimental animal models in the design of new drugs including radiopharmaceuticals is a key part of preclinical trials. Usually this approach can never replicate human disease or the varied and complex physical and psychological manifestations of human conditions. For these reasons the process of experimental design should be carried out routinely to ensure the generation of valid, reproducible and published data

The diagnosis of Daucus Carota as alergogen on the immune system in white laboratory rat

The allergic reaction or type I hypersensitivity is a hypersensitive disorder to the immune system, which occurs by ingress of non-pathogenic agents from the external environment in the body. Antigens, in this case allergens, are substances from the environment that are harmless to most people. In allergies there is an inherent tendency to inherit the genes that make these people susceptible to allergies. Rapid sensitization may occur as a local reaction, which is just unpleasant (seasonal rhinitis or hay fever), severe exhaustion (asthma), or culminating in a fatal systemic disorder (anaphylaxis). Allergens in the body are inserted by inhalation, ingestion or injection, and move to mucous membranes, where they are accepted by T-lymphocytes. TN2 lymphocytes produce IL-4, which stimulate B-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells. These cells excrete IgE, which recognize allergens. Excreted IgE antibodies sensitize mast cells that originate from the bone marrow. When sensitized individuals again expose themselves to an allergen from the external environment, they bind to specific IgE-antibodies to the mast cells (memory cells), whereby various mediators are excreted, causing inflammatory response, mucus secretion, vasoconstriction of blood vessels, and spasm of the airways

Effect of collagen induced arthritis on antistreptolysin test in the white laboratory rat

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious health challenge as a disease with serious health consequences and the potential to result in permanent disability. Most of the authors state that the reason for the occurrence of the disease and its persistence is multifactorial, but above all it is a genetic predisposition as a result of the disruption of the control mechanisms of the immune system. The disease can occur at any age, but it is most common in patients over sixty years of age who suffer from damage to the joints, resulting in impaired locomotion, reduced work capacity, unproductive and poor quality of life. Animal models in RA disease research are useful for studying and evaluating the effect of potential antiarthritic drugs. The study of the disease in animal models provides useful information about rheumatoid diseases and RA in humans because of the great similarity in their onset and development

The influence of actn3 genotype on the changes of anaerobic treshold and yo-yo intermitent endurance test level 2 of soccer players aged 15-17 years

The aims of this study are to determine the ACTN3 genotype and its influence on the changes of anaerobic threshold and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2 of soccer players aged 15-17 years

The influence of somathotype on the changes of aerobic endurance field test of soccer players aged 15-17 years

The aims of this study are to determine the somathotype and its influence on the changes of Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 2 of soccer players aged 15-17 years

Influence of collagen induced arthritis on C3 and C4 components on the complement at the white laboratory rat

Rheumatoid arthritis is a special group of diseases in human pathology that manifest clinical, serological, and pathohistological signs of autoreactive activation of lymphocyte clones. Activation of the immune system in these diseases is seen in the occurrence of autoantibodies to one or more autoantigens, which most commonly occurs when the immune system will lost control of lymphocytes that are specifically autoreactive with own organism. The aim of the study was to determine whether type II collagen treatment would cause an effect on the immune system, haematological and biochemical parameters, and among others on C3 and C4 complement components in white laboratory rats of the Wistar strain, both half, on the 30th and 60th day after immunization. Induced rheumatoid arthritis leads to different effects on the individual examined parameters, and also affects the reduction of C3 and C4 components of the complement, but with values that are not in the domain of statistical significance. White laboratory rats of the Wistar breed were used as the experimental model. Healthy animals of both sexes at the age of seven weeks, bred according to keeping standards experimental animals on the laboratory animal farm at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics-Skopje. In the experiment collagen-induced arthritis has been shown to elicit a reaction in almost 100% of immunized rats with collagen type-II. They were divided into four groups; control group (n = 20) male animals, control group (n = 20) female animals, experimental group (n = 30) male animals, which were treated with collagen type-II and experimental group (n = 30) female animals who were also treated with type II collagen. Tests were performed on the 30th and 60th day after immunization. The prepared highly purified collagen type-II according to a strictly defined protocol is applied with syringes and small needles in the knee joint of the hind right leg. We took blood for analysis on the 30th and on 60th day after immunization. To determine the C3 and C4 components of complement I we used the method of radial immunodiffusion. Check the results of the analyzes were made on the Minineph device, from the manufacturer The Binding Site from the UK with laser pointing immunoephelometric method. From the studies that were done on the impact of collagen induced arthritis on the C3 and C4 components of complement in men and females, on the 30th and 60th day of treatment it can be concluded that there are reduced values for both parameters in all groups and in both sexes of experimental animals. The resulting results suggest that values for both sexes for both the 30th and 60th day of treatment have reduced values, which are not in the domain of statistical significance. The general conclusion is that animal immunoassays in animal models and drawing a parallel with the clinical picture of rheumatoid arthritis in patients has made a great contribution to clarifying many issues related to the disease