Determinantes da taxa de câmbio real no Brasil: 1971-2002

The theoretical and empirical international trade literature suggests that there is long-term valuation/devaluation of the real exchange rate in the developed/undeveloped economies. We argue that the real exchange rate is affected by: i) intercountry differentials of the services sector development; and, ii) non-neutral characteristic of the international financial system, demonstrated in the Post-Keynesian approach. An equation for the Brazilian real exchange rate was estimated in this paper (1971-2002) and the international liquidity variable and a proxy variable for the differentials of the services sector development were included in the equation. The econometric procedures were based on the Engle-Granger and Johansen methods. The results do not reject the hypothesis put forward in this paper.real exchange rate, purchasing-power parity, international liquidity

DETERMINANTES DA TAXA DE CÂMBIO REAL NO BRASIL: 1971-2002

The theoretical and empirical international trade literature suggests that there is long-term valuation/devaluation of the real exchange rate in the developed/undeveloped economies. We argue that the real exchange rate is affected by: i) intercountry differentials of the services sector development; and, ii) non-neutral characteristic of the international financial system, demonstrated in the Post-Keynesian approach. An equation for the Brazilian real exchange rate was estimated in this paper (1971-2002) and the international liquidity variable and a proxy variable for the differentials of the services sector development were included in the equation. The econometric procedures were based on the Engle-Granger and Johansen methods. The results do not reject the hypothesis put forward in this paper.

Direcionadores de custos de uma distribuidora de energia elétrica

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-14T07:56:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 giordano_dissertacao_final_20140701.pdf: 1418354 bytes, checksum: a1b7aa12dbf353431dca0418b40deae5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 23Após a onda de reformas liberalizantes nos setores elétricos de diversos países, vários estudos e agências reguladoras aplicaram modelos de benchmarking e desenvolveram funções de custo para a distribuição de energia elétrica. Uma questão fundamental a ser definida nesse contexto é saber quais variáveis são determinantes dos custos na distribuição de energia elétrica. Esta dissertação analisa os maiores processos da distribuição de energia elétrica, que são executados de forma regional, para avaliar a significância estatística de supostos direcionadores de custos. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando dados da Cemig Distribuição S.A., que é a maior distribuidora de energia elétrica da América Latina em termos da extensão de rede e número de consumidores. Foi adotada uma estratégia de pesquisa mista, sendo feito um estudo sequencial, inicialmente com entrevistas e reuniões com os especialistas da empresa, para a compreensão dos processos e atividades necessários para a prestação do serviço e para o levantamento dos potenciais direcionadores de custos em cada processo. Posteriormente, foram levantados os dados das variáveis apontadas para a análise de sua significância estatística na determinação dos custos. Nos maior processo em termos de custos, foi aplicado o método de Best subsets para a obtenção do melhor modelo. Nos processos de manutenção de linhas, manutenção de subestações, faturamento e execução de serviços comerciais foram realizadas análises de correlação para a construção dos modelos que melhor os representam. Os modelos selecionados foram estimados por meio de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO). Para o custo de execução da manutenção de redes, os resultados mostraram que as variáveis mais importantes são as mais comuns na literatura, que são a extensão das redes, o número de consumidores e o consumo. Porém, a separação desses produtos por sua localização urbana ou rural é fundamental, já que as tecnologias de produção nesses ambientes são distintas. O modelo selecionado para o custo da manutenção de linhas considera como principal variável o comprimento total de linhas. A proporção das estruturas de acordo com sua natureza mostrou-se também significativa, assim como o percentual de estradas não pavimentadas. Para a manutenção de subestações, a variável mais significativa foi a potência entregue, seguida da decomposição do número de transformadores nos níveis de tensão, do DEC e do número de grandes clientes. Para o faturamento, o número de consumidores, separados em urbano e rural, foi significativo.After the wave of liberalizing reforms in the electricity sectors of many countries, various studies and regulatory agencies applied models for benchmarking and cost functions for the distribution of electricity. A fundamental question to be defined in this context is which variables are determinants of costs in electricity distribution. This dissertation analyzes the major processes of electric power distribution, which are run on a regional basis, to assess the statistical significance of supposed cost drivers. The survey was conducted using data from Cemig D, which is the largest electricity distributor in Latin America in terms of the extension of the network and the number of consumers. A strategy of mixed methods of research was adopted, and made a sequential study beginning with interviews and meetings with company experts to understand the processes and activities required to deliver the service and to survey for potential cost drivers in each process . Subsequently, the data for the potential cost drivers variables were analyzed for its statistical significance in determining the costs. In the largest dataset we applied the method of Best subsets to obtain the best model. In other cases correlation analysis for the construction of models that best represent were applied. The selected models were estimated by ordinary least squares (OLS). For the low voltage maintenance costs results showed that the most important variables are the most common in the literature, which are the extension of networks, the number of consumers and consumption. However, the separation of these products by their urban or rural location is essential, since the production technologies in these environments are quite different. For the high voltage maintenance costs the model considers the total length of power lines as the independent variable. The proportion of the structures according to their nature proved to be significant, as the percentage of unpaved roads. For the maintenance of substations, the most significant variable was the power delivered, followed by decomposition of the number of transformers in the voltage levels, the average duration of interruptions and the number of large customers. For the cost of billing the number of consumers separated in urban and rural locations proved to be significant

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data