10 research outputs found
Superpotentials from variational derivatives rather than Lagrangians in relativistic theories of gravity
The prescription of Silva to derive superpotential equations from variational
derivatives rather than from Lagrangian densities is applied to theories of
gravity derived from Lovelock Lagrangians in the Palatini representation.
Spacetimes are without torsion and isolated sources of gravity are minimally
coupled. On a closed boundary of spacetime, the metric is given and the
connection coefficients are those of Christoffel. We derive equations for the
superpotentials in these conditions. The equations are easily integrated and we
give the general expression for all superpotentials associated with Lovelock
Lagrangians. We find, in particular, that in Einstein's theory, in any number
of dimensions, the superpotential, valid at spatial and at null infinity, is
that of Katz, Bicak and Lynden-Bell, the KBL superpotential. We also give
explicitly the superpotential for Gauss-Bonnet theories of gravity. Finally, we
find a simple expression for the superpotential of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet
theories with an anti-de Sitter background: it is minus the KBL superpotential,
confirming, as it should, the calculation of the total mass-energy of spacetime
at spatial infinity by Deser and Tekin.Comment: Scheduled to appear in Class. Quantum Grav. August 200
Affine Gravity, Palatini Formalism and Charges
Affine gravity and the Palatini formalism contribute both to produce a simple
and unique formula for calculating charges at spatial and null infinity for
Lovelock type Lagrangians whose variational derivatives do not depend on
second-order derivatives of the field components. The method is based on the
covariant generalization due to Julia and Silva of the Regge-Teitelboim
procedure that was used to define properly the mass in the classical
formulation of Einstein's theory of gravity. Numerous applications reproduce
standard results obtained by other secure but mostly specialized methods. As a
novel application we calculate the Bondi energy loss in five dimensional
gravity, based on the asymptotic solution given by Tanabe, Tanahashi and
Shiromizu, and obtain, as expected, the same result. We also give the
superpotential for Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity and find the superpotential
for Lovelock theories of gravity when the number of dimensions tends to
infinity with maximally symmetrical boundaries. The paper is written in
standard component formalism.Comment: The work is dedicated to Joshua Goldberg from whom I learned and got
interested in conservation laws in General Relativity (J.K
Conductivity Enhancement of Transparent 2D Carbon Nanotube Networks Occurs by Resistance Reduction in All Junctions
Transparent
conductive networks are important for flexible electronics
and solar cells. Often interwire (junction) conductivity is the limiting
factor for network conductivity and can be improved by various treatments.
The conductivity of individual junctions in a single walled carbon
nanotube network was measured by conductive atomic force microscopy
before and after exposure to nitric acid. The measurements show that
this exposure improves the conductivity of each one of the junctions
within the network. Our results suggest that the acid improves the
conductivity by p-type charge transfer doping and by surfactant degradation
High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging of Biotin–Avidin–G4-DNA Molecules
Long-range charge transport in single G-quadruplex DNA molecules
DNA and DNA-based polymers are of interest in molecular electronics because of their versatile and programmable structures. However, transport measurements have produced a range of seemingly contradictory results due to differences in the measured molecules and experimental set-ups, and transporting significant current through individual DNA-based molecules remains a considerable challenge. Here, we report reproducible charge transport in guanine-quadruplex (G4) DNA molecules adsorbed on a mica substrate. Currents ranging from tens of picoamperes to more than 100 pA were measured in the G4-DNA over distances ranging from tens of nanometres to more than 100 nm. Our experimental results, combined with theoretical modelling, suggest that transport occurs via a thermally activated long-range hopping between multi-tetrad segments of DNA. These results could re-ignite interest in DNA-based wires and devices, and in the use of such systems in the development of programmable circuits