Life Cycle Insights for Creating Sustainable Cities

The chapter focuses on the full life cycle of material and energy flows and uses in cities. Most of the impacts and opportunities in making cities more sustainable exist in how and what types of materials and energy source are used. The life cycle perspective of materials used in buildings and infrastructure systems is better addressed at the point of planning and design. The energy aspect touches both the efficiency of utilization and the impact intensity of the energy used to power and heat urban spaces and fuel transport systems. The type of sources of upstream supply of materials and energy is thus crucial. The commendable efficiency measures targeting the operation phase of urban systems should be accompanied by a consideration of the embodied impact of materials used and the end-of-life management of the materials following the end of their service life. The chapter ends with recommendations on best practices that potentially leverage on life cycle assessment results. It also covers the merits of employing the social life cycle perspective together with the environmental life cycle and economic life cycle in a life cycle sustainability assessment framework that seeks to define the triple bottom line space of lower unsustainability conditions

The predicaments of child victims of crime seeking justice in Ethiopia: a double victimization by the justice process

This article presents an account of a legal system that has fundamentally failed Ethiopia´s young and vulnerable citizens. The Ethiopian justice process has permitted the subjection of child victims to cycles of traumatisation during investigation, prosecution and trial phases of cases in which they are involved. Ethiopia does not have laws that require the special treatment of children who are victims or witnesses of crime. It has neither rules of criminal procedure nor evidence that direct the conduct of criminal proceedings involving child victims. This article will show that although the Ethiopian Constitution incorporates principles such as the consideration of ‘the best interests of the child’, the realization of this principle for the Ethiopian child victim of crime remains illusory due to the absence of detailed rules that guide and compel the justice process to that effect. Based on empirical data, the article argues further that although ad hoc initiatives to introduce victims to a child-friendly justice process exist in a limited number of urban areas, these initiatives do not reach the vast majority of child victims around the country who continue to be further victimized by the justice process

Challenges, Current Status and Prospects of Leadership Styles and Team Cohesion in Male Football Players of Ethiopian Public Higher Institutions

The purpose of this research was to investigate the challenges, current status and prospects of Leadership Styles and Team Cohesion in Male Football players of Ethiopian Public Higher Institutions in Adama Science and Technology institute by 2015 GC. A cross sectional research design was employed to conduct the study. In this research, 265 Ethiopian public higher institutions were determined through simple random sampling technique. As a data gathering instrument, a standard questionnaire was administered for leadership scale for sport and group environment questionnaire. Descriptive statistics mainly Mean, standard deviation and Pearson product moment correlation, were used to analyze the data at (p<5%). The most recurrent and persistent coaching leadership style was training and instruction leadership style. There is a positive and significant relationship between social cohesion and training and instruction, positive feedback, social support and democratic behavior styles. The result is consistent with task cohesion of football players. Thus, Ethiopian higher public institutions football coaches may use all leadership styles except autocratic leadership styles. Then social as well as task cohesion of the football players can be developed through the above variety of leadership styles. Keywords: Football, Leadership styles and Team cohesio

Weight Gain and Carcass Characteristics of Adilo Sheep Fed Urea Treated Wheat Straw Supplemented with Enset (Ensete Ventricosum), Atella and Their Mixtures

The experiment was carried using twenty-five male intact yearling Adilo sheep with average body weight of 16.5 ± 3.5 kg to determine the effects of Enset ventricosum, atella and their mixture supplements to urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) on body weight gain (ADG) and carcass parameters. The experiment consisted of ninety days of feeding followed by carcass evaluation. The experimental design was randomized complete block design, and animals were blocked based on their initial body weights. Treatments were UTWS fed ad libitum alone (T1) or with 300 g/d atella (T2), 200 atella+100 g/d enset (T3), 200 enset +100 g/d atella, (T4) and 300 enset (T5).  Results of laboratory analyses for CP (6.4, 18.2 and 7.6 %) and NDF contents (72, 51 and 62 %) were for UTWS, atella and enset respectively. The result revealed that sheep fed on supplemented feed achieved greater (P<0.05) ADG (-8.9, 47.8, 34.4, 30 and 24.4 (± 3.35) g for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively). The value of ADG was greater for T2 among supplemented groups. Hot carcass weight was 5.4, 8.2, 7.2, 6.7 and 6.6 (± 0.25) kg for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively and followed similar trend like that of ADG. Results of this study highlighted that supplementation of urea treated wheat straw with enset and atella to have a positive effect on, ADG and carcass parameters. However, the effect is more pronounced for atella than enset or the two mixtures possibly due to the higher CP content of atella. Keywords: Atella, Carcass, Enset, Sheep

The impact of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and the protocol on the Rights of Women on the South African judiciary

Magister Legum - LLMSouth Afric

Production, Preservation, and Utilization Patterns

አህፅሮትይህ የመስክ ጥናት የተካሄደው በ2008 ዓ.ም. ከኦሮሚያ ክልላዊ መንግስት በተመረጡ የሰበታና በደሌ ከተሞች እንዲሁም ከአማራ ክልላዊ መንግስት በተመረጠ የደብረ ብርሃን ከተማ ውስጥ ነበር፡፡ የጥናቱ ዓላዎች በተመረጡት ከተሞች ውስጥ የሚገኙ የቢራ ፋብሪካዎችን ወቅታዊ የተረፈ-ምርት መኖ አቅም እንዲሁም በየከተሞቹ የሚገኙ ወተት ከብት አርቢዎችን የተረፈ-ምርት መኖዎቹን አከመቻቸትና አጠቃቀም ለማወቅ ነው፡፡ በዋነኛነት በሀገራችን የሚገኙ ፋብካዎች የቢራ ገብስ ጭማቂ መኖንና እርሾን የሚያመርቱ ሲሆን በ2008 ዓ.ም. ብቻ ከ12 የተለያዩ ፋብሪካዎች 26722.8 ቶን የቢራ ገብስ ጭማቂ መኖ (በድርቆሽ ይዘት) እና 360758.1 ሄክቶ ሊትር አርሾ ማምረት ተችሏል፡፡ የመኖ አመጋገብን በተመለከተ በከተሞች መካከል የነበረው የመሰረታዊ መኖ፣ ድጎማ መኖ፣ የቢራ ገብስ ጭማቂ ተረፈ-ምርት መኖ፣ ጨው እና አጠቃላይ ጥቅል ዕለታዊ የመኖ አመጋገብ ልዩነት በጣም የጎላ ነበር፡፡ ጠቅለል ባለ መልኩ ሲታይ በሰበታ የሚገኙ ታላቢ ላሞች የመኖ ፍጆታ ከበደሌ እና ደ/ብርሃን ከተማ ከሚገኙት ላሞች ፍጆታ የላቀ መሆኑን ለማስተዋል ተችሏል፡፡ የቢራ ገብስ ጭማቂ በወተት ከብቶች የወተት ምርት፣ ጥራትና እንስሳት ጤና ላይ የሚያስከትለውን ለውጥ ለማወቅ በአርቢዎቹ ላይ በተደረገ ጥናት የተገኘ ግብረ-መልስ እዳመለከተው ከወተት ጥራት በስተቀር በከተሞቹ መካከል ምንም የጎላ የግብረ-መልስ ልዩነት እደሌለ ለመረዳት ተችሏል፡፡የቢራ ገብስ ጭማቂን ሳይበላሽ ለረዥም ጊዜ ለማቆየት በሚያስችሉ ተለምዷዊ ዘዴዎችን ለመለየት በተደረገ ጥናት በጨው መዘፍዘፍ፣ በፀሐይ ሙቀት ማረድረቅና በገፈራ መልክ ማከማቸት እንደ ቅደም-ተከተላቸው ጥቅም ላይ የዋሉ መሆናቸውን ለመለየት ተችሏል፡፡ አቅርቦትን በተመለከተ በሰበታ ከተማ የሚገኙ አርቢዎች በተነፃፃሪነት የተሻለ የቢራ ገብስ ጭማቂ ተረፈ-ምርት መኖ አቅርቦት ሲኖራቸው የአንድ ኩንታል ደረቅ ተረፈ-ምርት መኖ ዋጋ በተጠኑት ከተሞች በአማካይ 82.50 እንደሚሸጥ ለማውቅ ተችሏል፡፡ የጥናቱ ከተሞች በዓመታዊ የጥቅል ገቢና ወጪ ክፍያዎቻቸው የሚለያዩ ሲሆኑ የሰበታ ከብት አርቢ በዓመት ለአንዲት ታላቢ ዲቃላ የወተት ከብት ከሚያወጣው ወጪ አንፃር ሲታይ በጥቅሉ በበደሌና ደ/ብርሃን ከተሞች ከሚገኙ አርቢዎች የላቀ ትርፍ በዓመት ማግኘት እንደሚችል ለመረዳት ተችሏል፡፡ Abstract The study was conducted at Sebeta and Bedele towns in Oromia regional state and at Debre-Berhan town in Amhara regional state during October-January 2016/17. The objectives of the study were; to assess the current feed byproduct production potentials of the breweries, existing storage conditions and the status of brewery spent grain utilization by smallholder dairy farms in the study areas. The result showed that brewery spent grain (BSG) and Brewer’s spent yeast (BSY) are the commonly produced byproduct feeds across all beer factories in Ethiopia. There were 12 beer factories producing an estimated 26722.8 tons BSG (DM basis) and 360,758.1 hectoliter (hl) of BSY in 2016 G.C... Substantial differences (P<0.05) were observed for the estimated daily average basal, concentrate, BSG, mineral (salt) and total feed DM intakes (TDMI) among the study areas. There was no difference in the views of responding households regarding long term effects of BSG feeding on lactation and health performances of dairy cattle (P>0.05). There was however, great variations in farmers’ response towards long term effect of BSG feeding on milk compositional changes (P<0.05). Commonly used BSG preservation techniques across the surveyed areas included salting, sun drying and ensiling in that order of importance. There was variation (P<0.000) among the study areas in terms of preference to the type of preservation techniques used to elongate shelf life of stored BSG. The responding farmers in Sebeta (77.27%) and Debre Birhan (61.43%) reported to have better access to BSG compared to the dairy farms in Bedele town (P<0.05). Similarly, the price (mean ± SE) of a quintal of brewer`s grain on DM basis was 82.50 ± 0.94 birr and showed variation (P<0.02) among the surveyed areas. Annual feed cost and revenue obtained from dairy farms also showed high variation among the study areas. The finding showed that  dairy farms in Sebeta town were spending about 39% more cost for feed and  managed to earn 28365.16 and 38509.58 birr more revenue per annum than dairy  farms at Bedele and Debre Birhan. The study generally elucidated that availability, storage and proper feeding of BSG were major problems faced by dairy farmers in the study areas

Chemical Composition, In vitro Digestibility and Drying Rate of Sugarcane Tops Using Different Curing Methods

አህፅሮትየሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍ በአገራችን በስኳር ፋብሪካዎች አከባቢና እና በአነስተኛ ሸንኮራ አገዳ አምራች ገበሬዎች ዘንድ የሚገኝ የእንስሳት መኖ ሀብት ነው፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ በሀገራችን እስካሁን የመኖ ጠቃሜታውን ለማሻሻልና በአያያዝ ጉድለት የሚመጣውን ብክነት ለመቀነስ የተካሄደ ጥናት በስፋት የለም። የዚህ ጥናት ዓላማም የርጥብ ሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍን ድርቆሽ በማዘጋጀት ሳይበላሽ ለረጅም ጊዜ ለማቆየት እንዲቻል ጥራቱን በተለያዩ የድርቆሽ አዘገጃጀት ዘዴዎች መፈተሽ ነው። ይህም በሳት የተቃጠለና (የተለበለበ) ያልተቃጠለ (ያልተለበለበ) የሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍን ሳይከረታተፍና ተከረታትፎ በፀሀይና በጥላ ሥር በማድረቅ ዘዴ የሚዘጋጀውን ድርቆሽ የንጥረ-ነገር ይዘት፣ የመፈጨት ደረጃውንና ለመድረቅ የሚፈጀውን ጊዜ ለመገምገም ነበር። የእያንዳንዱን አሰራር ዘዴ አምስት ጊዜ በመደጋገምና በተለያዩ ጊዜያት ናሙናዎች በመውሰድ አማካይ የድርቀት መጠናቸዉ 85 በመቶ ሲቃረብ በማቆም የናሙናዎች ኬየሚካለዊ ትንተና ተካሂደዋል። በተለበለቡና ባልተለበለቡ የሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍ መነሻ ናሙናዎች (fresh/original sugarcane tops) መካከል ያለው የመኖ ንጥረ-ነገር ይዘት ልዩነት የጎላ አልነበረም። ተከርትፈዉ በፀሀይ የደረቁት የሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍ ናሙናዎች ሦስት ቀናት ባልበለጠ ጊዜ የደረቁ ሲሆን፤ በአንፃሩ ያልተከረተፉት ናሙናዎች ለመድረቅ ከ45 እስከ 68 ቀናት ወስዶባቸዋል። በማድረቂያ ዘዴዎችና በሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍ ዓይነቶች መለየት ምክንያት በሚንራል(ash)፣ በቃጫ (NDF, ADL)፣በሟሚ ካርቦኃይድሬቶች (NFC)፣ በኃይል ሰጪ (ME)፣ በፎስፈረስ ይዘትና በተፈጭነት ደረጃ (digestibility) ልዩነት ማየት ተችሏል። የማድረቂያ ዘዴዎቹ መለያየት ከናሙናዎቹ ድርቀት(DM) እና ፕሮቲን ይዘት ዉጪ በሌሎች ንጥረ-ነገሮች ይዘቶች ላይ ልዩነት አልነበራቸዉም። በሌላ በኩል በፀሀይ የደረቀ ያልተከረተፈ-የተቃጠለ የሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍ ድርቆሽ የቃጫ(NDF) ይዘት አነስተኛና በፀሀይ ከደረቀው ያልተከረተፈ-ያልተቃጠለ ናሙና ልዩነት የለውም። በአንፃሩ የተከረተፉና በፀሐይ የደረቁ ናሙናዎች ሳይከረተፉ ከደረቁት ናሙናዎች በሟሚ ካርቦሀይድሬት፣ በቅባትና በሄማይሴሉለስ-ቃጫ ይዘት ከፍተኛ ሆነው በADF-ቃጫ ይዘት በእጅጉ ያነሱ ናቸዉ። በአጠቃላይ ከሸንኮራ አገዳ ጫፍ ድርቆሽ ለማዘጋጀት መከርተፍና በፀሀይ ማድረቅ የሚወስደዉን ጊዜ በእጅጉ ይቀንሳል፣ ብልሽትንና የንጥረ-ነገር ብክነትን በመቀነስ የመኖ ጠቀሜታውን ያጎላል። AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate effects of different drying methods on chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and drying rate of sugarcane tops (SCT). Treatments were set in factorial arrangement (2 SCT types (green and burnt) x 3 drying methods (shed and sun drying of intact SCT and sun drying of chopped SCT) in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 5 times and samples were dried at a swath density of 4 kg/m2. Dry matter (DM) of samples was determined at time interval until the treatment average approached the safest content (≈ 85% DM) for storage. Fresh (samples at harvesting) and dried samples were chemically analyzed. The fresh burnt SCT had slightly higher DM, ash, EE, ADL, Ca, P, IVDMD, IVOMD and ME contents, but had lower CP and NFC contents than the fresh green SCT. The chopped burnt and green SCT dried at a rate of 19.8 and 20.7% per day, respectively. Rate of drying was highest in the 1st week for all drying methods, then after decreased progressively. The lowest dehydration rate (0.92 and 0.99% per day), or longest drying time (68 and 60 days) was attained by shed dried intact green and burnt SCT, respectively. There were significant interaction effects (P<0.05) of drying methods and SCT types on ash, NDF, ADL, IVDMD, IVOMD, ME, NFC and P contents. Except for DM and CP, the drying methods had varied (P<0.0001) effect on nutrient content of SCT. The NDF content of burnt SCT was lower (P<0.05) for intact sun dried samples compared to other drying methods, but values for the green SCT did not vary (P>0.05) among the drying methods. However, ADF contents of sun- and shed dried intact SCT were not different (P>0.05), but were higher (P>0.05) than that of chopped sun-dried SCT. The sun-dried chopped SCT had higher (P<0.05) ether extract (EE) and hemicelluloses contents. However, sun-dried chopped green SCT had lower NDF and ADL than sun-dried chopped burnt SCT, but were similar (P>0.05) in DM, OM digestibility and ME contents. The NFC content was inversely related to the fiber fraction, being lower (P<0.05) for sun-dried chopped burnt SCT and shed-dried intact burnt SCT. The under shed dried intact green SCT had higher NFC content than sun dried chopped green SCT (P<0.05). In conclusion, the drying methods used in this study had variable effect on chemical composition, although lacks consistency in the trend. Chopping SCT clearly increases drying rate, shorten drying period and conserve nutrients that has been reflected in better in vitro digestibility and ME.

Antifertility effect of Jatropha Curcas L. seed in guinea pigs

Abstract: A crude seed extract of Jatropha curcas was studied for its claimed anti-fertility effect. The extract was orally administered to matured female albino guinea pigs. It was found to reduce the number of births. This was further confirmed by the anti-implantation and abortifacient effects of the extract observed in this study. The extract was also found to prolong the oestrus cycle of guinea pigs. The diestrus phase was significantly increased, while the oestrus phase was shortened. The weight of the uterus was shown to reduce in animals treated with the extract, while that of the ovaries did not show a significant change from that of the control. These observations suggest that the seeds of the plant possess antifertility activity.[Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1997;11(2):145-148

Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with developmental delay in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Developmental delay is a major health problem throughout the world causing significant individual disability. Even though physical examination and patient history are the most important and basic evaluations of patients with developmental delay, additional investigations are usually required in supporting or reaching a diagnosis among which is neuroimaging. This study aims to assess brain Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) patterns in patients presented with developmental delay.METHOD: A retrospective analysis of 164 patients who had undergone brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) evaluation for the developmental delay was done. The study was conducted between March to November 2021 G.C at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). The patients’ clinical history and magnetic resonance imaging reports were reviewed from their medical records. All patients with developmental delay who had brain MRI evaluation at TASH and at one private diagnostic center in Addis Ababa were included in the study.RESULTS: A total of 164 patients were included in this study of which 95(57.9%) were male and 69(42.1%) female patients were seen. A total of 120 patients (73.2%) showed abnormal brain MRI studies. Previous neurovascular insults were the most common abnormalities seen in 75(45.7%) patients followed by imaging findings of congenital and developmental abnormalities seen in 20(12.2%) patients.CONCLUSION: Brain MRI is an important input in the evaluation of patients with developmental delay. It can give evidence for the cause of developmental delay, especially in the diagnosis of perinatal/hypoxic-ischemic insults, and congenital and developmental malformations

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Thyroid Incidentaloma among Adult People Attending Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia Temesgen Tadesse1

BACKGROUND: Incidentally discovered thyroid lesions have become highly common in the development and more frequent utilization of highly sensitive imaging modalities, like ultrasound. However, little is known about its prevalence and associated factors in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas and associated factors through ultrasound (US) among adults attending Gondar University Hospital.METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 290 adults aged 15 years and above. Out of the adults who visited the hospital during the study, those who neither had history of thyroid disease, thyroid surgery, nor clinically palpable thyroid nodules were involved in the investigation. The participants were examined using a high frequency linear-array transducer (7MHz). For comparing men and women, the unpaired t-test wasused. Binary logistic analysis was used to identify the associated factors, and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULT: The frequency of thyroid incidentaloma was found to be 33.4% (95% CI: 27.9, 38.9). Thyroid incidentaloma was detected in 42.4% of the females and 22.7% of the males (P<0.001). About 63% had single and 37% multiple thyroid nodules. About 25.8% had thyroid nodules greater than 1cm. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, increasing age (AOR=5.96; 2.34, 15.15) and female sex (AOR=3.01; 1.73, 5.26) were significantly associated with thyroid incidentalomas.CONCLUSION: The frequency of thyroid incidentaloma (TI) was found to be high in this study and much higher among older women. Solitary and small sized thyroid nodules were commonly seen in the study.