Body composition.

<p>Average weekly food intake during eleven weeks of treatment, body weight at sacrifice, dry lean mass and organ weights (as percentage of dry lean mass). Data are means from n = 7–10 mice per group, ± SEM.</p

Hepatic carbohydrate fluxes <i>in vivo</i> after 12–13 weeks of WBV treatment.

<p>(A) Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) flux. (B) Glycogen balance, calculated by subtracting GP flux from glycogen synthase (GS) flux. (C) Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) flux. (D) Glucokinase (GK) flux. (E) GS flux. (F) Total gluconeogenesis (GNG) flux. (G) Hepatic glycogen content. Data are averages from n = 6–9 mice per group; ± SEM. ^ap<0.05, significant effect of age.</p

Blood glucose turnover rates after 12–13 weeks of WBV treatment.

<p>(A) Initial (fasting) and (B) steady-state glucose concentrations during stable isotope infusion experiment. (C) Initial (fasting) insulin concentrations. (D) Endogenous glucose production rates (Ra(glc)). (E) Metabolic clearance rates of blood glucose (MCR), calculated as the ratios of total glucose turnover rates and blood glucose concentrations. Data are averages from n = 6–9 mice per group; ± SEM. ^ap<0.05, significant effect of age; ^b p<0.05, significant of WBV.</p

Animal characteristics.

<p>(A) subcutaneous white fat, (B) visceral white fat weights, (C) plasma leptin concentrations, (D) muscle triglyceride (TG) concentrations, (E) liver TG concentrations, (F) plasma TG concentrations, (G) plasma cholesterol concentrations, (H) plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. Data are averages from n = 7–9 mice per group; ± SEM. ^ap<0.05, significant effect of age, ^bp<0.05, interaction effect between age and WBV treatment, ^cp<0.05, post-hoc treatment effect.</p

Effects of 14 weeks of WBV treatment on the mitochondrial properties in skeletal muscle of young and old mice.

<p>(A) Maximal ADP-stimulated O₂ flux (state 3) and (B) basal O₂ flux (state 4) in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate plus malate. (C) Relative mtDNA copy number in skeletal muscle. (D) Maximal ADP-stimulated O₂ flux (state 3) and (E) basal O₂ flux (state 4) in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria oxidizing palmitoyl-CoA plus L-carnitine plus malate. (F) Citrate synthase (CS) activity in skeletal muscle. (G) Relative protein levels and (H) representative immunoblot images of selected subunits of oxidative phosphorylation pathway complexes I-V and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria. Data are means from n = 6–9 (A-F) or n = 3 (G-H) mice per group; ± SEM. ^ap<0.05, significant effect of age; ^bp<0.05, significant effect of WBV.</p

Effects of 14 weeks of WBV treatment on the mitochondrial properties in livers of young and old mice.

<p>(A) Maximal ADP-stimulated O₂ flux (state 3) and (B) basal O₂ flux (state 4) in isolated liver mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate plus malate. (C) Relative mtDNA copy number in liver. (D) Maximal ADP-stimulated O₂ flux (state 3) and (E) basal O₂ flux (state 4) in isolated liver mitochondria oxidizing palmitoyl-CoA plus L-carnitine plus malate. (F) Citrate synthase (CS) activity in liver. (G) Relative protein levels and (H) representative immunoblot images of selected subunits of oxidative phosphorylation pathway complexes I-V and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in isolated liver mitochondria. Data are means from n = 6–9 (A-F) or n = 3 (G-H) mice per group; ± SEM. ^a p<0.05, significant effect of age. ^bp<0.05, significant effect of WBV.</p

Energy expenditure and substrate utilization <i>in vivo</i> after nine weeks of WBV treatment.

<p>(A) Average dry lean mass-corrected energy expenditures (EE) and (B) average respiratory quotients (RQ) during light phase, dark phase and 24 hours. (C) Average lipid and carbohydrate oxidation rates per 24 hours. (D) Average oxygen consumption during light phase, dark phase and 24 hours. Data are averages from n = 7–8 mice per group; ± SEM. ^a p<0.05, significant effect of age.</p

Post-flight versus pre-flight changes in plasma reactive oxygen metabolites in relation to flight duration.

<p>For further explanation see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0134433#pone.0134433.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>.</p

Post-flight versus pre-flight changes in plasma levels of HCT, pH and blood gases in relation to flight duration.

<p>For further explanation see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0134433#pone.0134433.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>.</p

Post-flight versus pre-flight changes in plasma levels of fat and carbohydrate metabolites in relation to flight duration (flight-time in minutes).

<p>Best-fit regression lines are shown for significant relationships with flight duration. Horizontal dotted lines show the respective zero (no change) line.</p