Map of the western Pacific (A) with inset of Palauan archipelago (B) (site names referred to in text are boxed).

<p>Map of the western Pacific (A) with inset of Palauan archipelago (B) (site names referred to in text are boxed).</p

Map of Chelechol ra Orrak (B:IR-1:23).

<p>Map of Chelechol ra Orrak (B:IR-1:23).</p

Sequential radiocarbon dates for Polynesian Plainware occupations from three excavation units in the Kingdom of Tonga.

<p>Sequential radiocarbon dates for Polynesian Plainware occupations from three excavation units in the Kingdom of Tonga.</p

One of several human skulls found in unit E3/S1 at Chelechol ra Orrak in 2007 (depth = approximately 85–90 cmbs); all are normal sized (photo by SM Fitzpatrick).

<p>One of several human skulls found in unit E3/S1 at Chelechol ra Orrak in 2007 (depth = approximately 85–90 cmbs); all are normal sized (photo by SM Fitzpatrick).</p

Radiocarbon dates^a for Polynesian Plainware occupation strata, Kingdom of Tonga ordered by oldest to youngest.

<p>Radiocarbon dates<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193166#t001fn001" target="_blank">^a</a> for Polynesian Plainware occupation strata, Kingdom of Tonga ordered by oldest to youngest.</p

3D scatterplot of Orrak cranial measurements compared to other Micronesian male samples.

<p>Note small minimum frontal breadth for Orrak D <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone.0003015-Pietrusewsky1" target="_blank">[Comparative data from 10]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone.0003015-Hanihara1" target="_blank">[23]</a>.</p

3D scatterplot of Orrak cranium D compared to western Pacific and oceanic male samples.

<p>Maximum cranial breadth, maximum length and basion-bregma height produce a good overall view of cranial size and show that Orrak D is large <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone.0003015-Pietrusewsky1" target="_blank">[Comparative data from 10]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone.0003015-Hanihara1" target="_blank">[23]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone.0003015-Howells1" target="_blank">[98]</a>.</p

Femoral dimensions (mm) of specimens from Chelechol ra Orrak and Omedokel Cave [1].

<p>Note: The supero-inferior head diameter for specimen B:OR-15:18-013 recorded in this table (35.2 mm) is the measure that Berger et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone.0003015-Berger1" target="_blank">[1]</a> report in the text (p. 5). However in their <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone-0003015-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> and supplementary data in Table 4, they report an Antero-posterior diameter of 36.1 mm which is used to calculate the mean. In the text, they report a biomechanical neck length for this specimen of 36.1 mm. It appears they have inadvertently transformed this neck length measure into an antero-posterior head diameter in their <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003015#pone-0003015-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> and supplementary data 4 Table and then used it in their calculations.</p

Map of islands within the ancestral, West Polynesian homeland.

<p>Two additional islands, Futuna and Alofi, are not included on the map being 300 km northwest of Niuafo’ou. The outliers of Niuafo’ou and Niuatoputapu are part of traditional and contemporary Tonga.</p

The Hallstatt Plateau (shaded) as constructed on the OxCal radiocarbon calibration program for the southern hemisphere 2013 (SHcal13) calibration curve [13].

<p>The Hallstatt Plateau (shaded) as constructed on the OxCal radiocarbon calibration program for the southern hemisphere 2013 (SHcal13) calibration curve [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0193166#pone.0193166.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>].</p