Hypoelastic, hyperelastic, discrete and semi-discrete approaches for textile composite reinforcement forming

International audienceThe clear multi-scale structure of composite textile reinforcements leads to develop continuous and discrete approaches for their forming simulations. In this paper two continuous modelling respectively based on a hypoelastic and hyperelastic constitutive model are presented. A discrete approach is also considered in which each yarn is modelled by shell finite elements and where the contact with friction and possible sliding between the yarns are taken into account. Finally the semi-discrete approach is presented in which the shell finite element interpolation involves continuity of the displacement field but where the internal virtual work is obtained as the sum of tension, in-plane shear and bending ones of all the woven unit cells within the element. The advantages and drawbacks of the different approaches are discussed

NET Formation in Bullous Pemphigoid Patients With Relapse Is Modulated by IL-17 and IL-23 Interplay

Background: DNA extracellular traps (ETs), released by neutrophils (NETs), or eosinophils (EETs), play a pathogenic role in several autoimmune disorders. However, to date, NETs have never been investigated in bullous pemphigoid (BP) with respect to clinical and immunological activities, both at baseline and at time of relapse which have been characterized with specific IL-17 and IL-23 patterns.Objective: We sought to assess whether ETs were associated with BP as well as the relative contribution of IL-17 axis cytokines to NET induction.Methods: Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from 11 patients with BP. Immuno-detection of neutrophils and eosinophils combined to DNA staining allowed us to investigate the in-situ presence of NETs and EETs using confocal scanning microscopy. NETs release was evaluated ex vivo by stimulating polymorphonuclear cells from BP patients with BP biological fluids in presence of IL-17A and IL-23 or of glucocorticoids.Results: At baseline, ETs were observed in BP lesions at the site of dermal-epidermal cleavage. Despite an important infiltrate of eosinophils, ETs were essentially associated with neutrophils in situ and were not related to BP clinical activity at diagnosis. In situ observation of NETs was associated in 6 among 8 patients with serum capacity of NET induction. Notably both blister fluid and sera from BP patients at diagnosis and at time of relapse could induce NET formation ex vivo. In contrast, a longitudinal investigation showed a decrease of NET formation with time of treatment in patients undergoing remission. Mimicking relapse, complementation of sera from BP patients with ongoing remission with either IL-17A or IL-23 increased NET formation. Conversely, IL-17A inhibited NET formation induced by serum from BP patients with relapse supplemented or not with IL-23. Finally, glucocorticoids also inhibited NET formation ex vivo in BP.Conclusion: NET formation is an associated phenomenon with BP. Furthermore, we showed that IL-23 favored NET formation, whereas the effects of IL-17A are environment dependent. Indeed, IL-17A displayed a protective effect on NET formation when associated with IL-23, showing for the first-time differential effects of these two cytokines in BP

Différentes approches pour la simulation de la mise en forme des renforts fibreux de composites. Les intérêts de l’approche mésoscopique

Ce papier présente une modélisation à l'échelle mésoscopique de la simulation de la mise en forme des renforts fibreux. Le comportement mécanique de chaque constituant est alors plus simple que dans les modèles continus et des aspects difficiles dans ces derniers, tels que l’actualisation de la direction des mèches, sont intégrés naturellement. La contrepartie réside dans le très grand nombre de composants avec des contacts complexes entre eux. Les intérêts de cette approche seront détaillés

Approche mésoscopique pour la mise en forme des renforts tissés de composites

La simulation de la mise en forme des renforts tissés permet d'étudier les conditions de faisabilité d'une telle opération en limitant les essais expérimentaux et donc les coûts de développement. La simulation permet d'accéder à des informations telles que la position des fibres après formage et leur état de déformation ainsi que de prédire l'apparition de défauts (plissements, détissages, rupture de fibres/mèches). La définition du comportement mécanique des tissus, nécessaire à ces simulations, peut se faire à différentes échelles. Seuls les modèles définis à l'échelle macroscopique permettent à l'heure actuelle d'effectuer ce type de simulations. Les modèles aux échelles inférieures permettent alors de définir le comportement macroscopique d'un renfort à partir de l'assemblage de ses constituants élémentaires. Le passage méso/macro (ou micro/macro) s'accompagne dans ce cas d'une perte d'information liée au passage d'une description discrète à une description continue. Le modèle que nous proposons consiste en une description à l'échelle mésoscopique des renforts permettant la simulation de pièces à l'échelle macroscopique. Cela est rendu possible par une simplification de la description mésoscopique grâce l'utilisation d'éléments de coques. Un modèle de comportement hypoélastique spécifique à la mèche est alors considéré. En particulier, la direction des fibres est strictement suivie et un comportement élastique non linéaire permettant de prendre en compte la compaction transverse est défini. L'identification et la validation du modèle sont effectuées grâce aux essais usuels de caractérisation des renforts. Outre le fait de décrire correctement le comportement en cisaillement des tissus, le modèle permet de prédire les plissements et les détissages de mèches. Des simulations de mise en forme illustrent ces capacitésWoven reinforcements forming simulation allows studying feasibility conditions of such processes limiting experimental tests and therefore development costs. Simulation allows accessing to information such as fibre positions after forming and their deformation state as well as predicting the onset of defects (wrinkles, yarns sliding, fibre/yarn fracture). The definition of the fabric mechanical behaviour necessary for these simulations can be done at different scales. Today only the macroscopic scale allows simulations of forming processes. Models at lower scales then allow to define the macroscopic behaviour of reinforcement from the assembly of their elementary components. The meso/macro (or micro/macro) transition is accompanied by an information loss due to the transition from a discrete description to a continuous one. The proposed model consist in a mesoscopic description of the reinforcement allowing the simulation of forming processes at the macroscopic scale. This is possible thanks to a simplification of the description by using shell elements. A hypoelastic behaviour specific of the yarn is then considered. In particular, fibre direction is strictly tracked and a non linear elastic behaviour is defined, allowing the consideration of the transverse compaction of the yarn. Identification and validation of the model are done using classical characterisation tests. In addition to a good description of the shearing behaviour of fabrics, the model allows the prediction of wrinkles and yarns sliding. Forming simulations illustrate these capabilitiesVILLEURBANNE-DOC'INSA LYON (692662301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Advantages of the Meso/Macro Approach for the Simulation of Fibre Composite Reinforcements

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Meso modelling for composite preform shaping – Simulation of the loss of cohesion of the woven fibre network

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Approches macroscopiques et mésoscopiques pour la simulation du procédé de préformage des renforts de composites dans les procédés LMC

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Mise en forme de renforts de composites. Approche macro et mesoscopique

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Simulation et analyse par tomographie X de la déformation à l'échelle mésoscopique de renforts textiles de composites en cours de mise en forme= Simulation and tomography analyses of textile composite reinforcement deformation during forming

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