Variación temporal en el desembarque de Peces Pelágicos grandes y tiburones de la Flota Palangrera Oceánica en Manta, Ecuador.

La variación temporal en el desembarque de Peces Pelágicos Grandes (PPG) y Tiburones (TIB) de la flota palangrera oceánica de Manta-Ecuador, fue analizada durante los años 2011 y 2012 a partir de datos provenientes de 4.764 certificados de monitoreo de pesca incidental proporcionados por la Subsecretaría de Recursos Pesqueros. Se cuantificó la composición de la captura del desembarque de PPG y TIB y se compararon sus volúmenes entre estaciones climáticas por año (seca y lluviosa) y entre años de estudio. En cuanto a la proporción, las especies más representativas en los desembarques fueron el dorado (Coryphaena hippurus) (40,34% en el 2011 y 46,26% en el 2012) y tiburón rabón (Alopias pelagicus) (30% en el 2011 y 23,62% en el 2012). Por otro lado; las que mostraron diferencias (α = 0.05) entre estaciones climáticas fueron el tiburón tinto (Isurus oxyrinchus) y tiburón cachuda roja (Sphyrna lewini) en el 2011, y el patudo (Thunnus obesus), banderón (Istiophorus platypterus), gacho (Kajikia audax) y picudo (Makaira spp) en el 2012, con mayor rendimiento de desembarques en la estación seca (I. 83,45%, II. 85,68%, III. 89,37%, IV. 90, 82%, V. 76,84% y VI. 83,35% respectivamente). Entre el 2011 y 2012, se observaron diferencias significativas (α = 0.05) en el desembarque de dorado (C. hippurus), albacora (Thunnus albacares) y pez espada (Xiphias gladius), con incrementos de los mismos durante el 2012 (I. 48%, II. 111% y III. 99%, respectivamente). En base al conocimiento acerca del comportamiento de las especies estudiadas, las diferencias significativas que mostraron las especies entre estaciones climáticas podrían ser producto de sus migraciones estacionales y los incrementos significativos en los desembarques del dorado pueden ser explicados por anomalías positivas en la temperatura superficial del mar de la fase cálida del Niño.Temporal variation of large pelagic fish' landings (PPG) and sharks (TIB) of the Ocean Longline Fleet Manta-Ecuador, was analyzed during 2011 and 2012 using data from 4,764 bycatch certificates provided by Subsecretaría de Recursos Pesqueros (SRP). The landings’ catch composition of PPG and TIB was quantified and volumes were compared between seasons per year (dry and rainy) and years of study. As to the proportion, most representative species were Mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) (40,34% in 2011 and 46,26% in 2012) and pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus) (30% in 2011 and 23,62% in 2012). On the other hand, those that showed differences (α = 0.05) between seasons were Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) in 2011, and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus), Striped marlin (Kajikia audax) and Marlin (Makaira spp) in 2012, with higher landings in the dry season (I. 83,45%, II. 85,68%, III. 89,37%, IV. 90, 82%, V. 76,84% y VI. 83,35% respectively). Between 2011 and 2012 there were significant differences (α = 0.05) in the landing of Mahi mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), with increases observed during 2012 (I. 48%, II. 111% y III. 99%, respectively). Based on the knownledge about the behavior of the species studied, significant differences showed species between seasons could be the result of their seasonal migrations and significant increases in landings of Mahi mahi can be explained by positive anomalies in the sea surface temperature in the ENSO “warm phase”

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Summary: Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health

Risk of COVID-19 after natural infection or vaccinationResearch in context

Background: While vaccines have established utility against COVID-19, phase 3 efficacy studies have generally not comprehensively evaluated protection provided by previous infection or hybrid immunity (previous infection plus vaccination). Individual patient data from US government-supported harmonized vaccine trials provide an unprecedented sample population to address this issue. We characterized the protective efficacy of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against COVID-19 early in the pandemic over three-to six-month follow-up and compared with vaccine-associated protection. Methods: In this post-hoc cross-protocol analysis of the Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Novavax COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials, we allocated participants into four groups based on previous-infection status at enrolment and treatment: no previous infection/placebo; previous infection/placebo; no previous infection/vaccine; and previous infection/vaccine. The main outcome was RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 >7–15 days (per original protocols) after final study injection. We calculated crude and adjusted efficacy measures. Findings: Previous infection/placebo participants had a 92% decreased risk of future COVID-19 compared to no previous infection/placebo participants (overall hazard ratio [HR] ratio: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.05–0.13). Among single-dose Janssen participants, hybrid immunity conferred greater protection than vaccine alone (HR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.10). Too few infections were observed to draw statistical inferences comparing hybrid immunity to vaccine alone for other trials. Vaccination, previous infection, and hybrid immunity all provided near-complete protection against severe disease. Interpretation: Previous infection, any hybrid immunity, and two-dose vaccination all provided substantial protection against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 through the early Delta period. Thus, as a surrogate for natural infection, vaccination remains the safest approach to protection. Funding: National Institutes of Health