Estimating Phase Amplitude Coupling between Neural Oscillations Based on Permutation and Entropy

Cross-frequency phase–amplitude coupling (PAC) plays an important role in neuronal oscillations network, reflecting the interaction between the phase of low-frequency oscillation (LFO) and amplitude of the high-frequency oscillations (HFO). Thus, we applied four methods based on permutation analysis to measure PAC, including multiscale permutation mutual information (MPMI), permutation conditional mutual information (PCMI), symbolic joint entropy (SJE), and weighted-permutation mutual information (WPMI). To verify the ability of these four algorithms, a performance test including the effects of coupling strength, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), and data length was evaluated by using simulation data. It was shown that the performance of SJE was similar to that of other approaches when measuring PAC strength, but the computational efficiency of SJE was the highest among all these four methods. Moreover, SJE can also accurately identify the PAC frequency range under the interference of spike noise. All in all, the results demonstrate that SJE is better for evaluating PAC between neural oscillations

Uncovering the potential molecular mechanism of liraglutide to alleviate the effects of high glucose on myoblasts based on high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique

Abstract Background Myoblasts play an important role in muscle growth and repair, but the high glucose environment severely affects their function. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential molecular mechanism of liraglutide in alleviating the effects of high glucose environments on myoblasts. Methods MTT, western blot, and ELISA methods were used to investigate the role of liraglutide on C2C12 myoblasts induced by high glucose. The high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique was used to sequence C2C12 myoblasts from different treated groups. The DESeq2 package was used to identify differentially expressed-mRNAs (DE-mRNAs). Then, functional annotations and alternative splicing (AS) were performed. The Cytoscape-CytoHubba plug-in was used to identify multicentric DE-mRNAs. Results The MTT assay results showed that liraglutide can alleviate the decrease of myoblasts viability caused by high glucose. Western blot and ELISA tests showed that liraglutide can promote the expression of AMPKα and inhibit the expression of MAFbx, MuRF1 and 3-MH in myoblasts. A total of 15 multicentric DE-mRNAs were identified based on the Cytoscape-CytoHubba plug-in. Among them, Top2a had A3SS type AS. Functional annotation identifies multiple signaling pathways such as metabolic pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cAMP signaling pathway and cell cycle. Conclusion Liraglutide can alleviate the decrease of cell viability and degradation of muscle protein caused by high glucose, and improves cell metabolism and mitochondrial activity. The molecular mechanism of liraglutide to alleviate the effect of high glucose on myoblasts is complex. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical effectiveness of liraglutide in the treatment of skeletal muscle lesions in diabetes

Diagnostic performance of neck circumference to identify overweight and obesity as defined by body mass index in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: The neck circumference (NC) has been shown to be an accurate index for screening overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Aim: To perform a meta-analysis to assess the performance of NC for the assessment of overweight and obesity. Subjects and methods: Data sources were PubMed and EMBASE up to March 2016. Studies providing measures of diagnostic performance of NC and using body mass index as reference standard were included. Results: Six eligible studies that evaluated 11 214 children and adolescents aged 6–18 years were included in the meta-analysis. NC showed pooled sensitivity to detect high body mass index of 0.780 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.765–0.794), specificity of 0.746 (95% CI =  0.736–0.756) and a diagnostic odds ratio of 17.343 (95% CI =  8.743–34.405). Conclusions: The NC had moderate diagnostic accuracy for identifying overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Relationship Between Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype and Disposition Index in Chinese Men With Normal Glucose Tolerance

The relationship between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β-cell function remains still unclear in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The objective is to detect whether the disposition index (DI) could be used as a predictive indicator of insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function in men with HTGW phenotype and NGT. A total of 180 men without diabetes were recruited in this study and underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to calculate DI based on the OGTT. Subjects were put into Group A (normal waist circumference [WC] and triglyceride [TG] concentrations), B (enlarged WC or elevated TG concentrations), and C (HTGW phenotype, both enlarged WC and elevated TG concentrations) ( n = 60 for each group) according to WC and TG concentrations. The OGTT plasma glucose concentrations at 0.5 and 1 hr for patients in Groups B and C were higher than those in Group A (both p < .05). Group C patients had significantly lower 1/[fasting insulin] values and DI than those in Group A ( p < .05), and the 1/[fasting insulin] values in Group C were significantly lower than those in Group B ( p < .05). DI correlated positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( p < .05), which was independently associated with WC ( p = .002) and TG ( p = .009). The HTGW phenotype is associated with decreased DI among men with NGT, indicating decreased DI is a strong predictor of future impaired glucose tolerance, which can provide guidance and reference for screening patients with potential impaired glucose tolerance in Chinese community population

Additional file 1 of Uncovering the potential molecular mechanism of liraglutide to alleviate the effects of high glucose on myoblasts based on high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique

Additional file 1: Table S1. All primers used for real time-PCR. Figure S1. Expression validation of Ccl2, Kif11, Cdc20 and Top2a by real-time PCR

Safety and Efficacy of High Versus Standard Starting Doses of Insulin Glargine in Overweight and Obese Chinese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Oral Antidiabetic Medications (Beyond VII: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

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