Evaluation of different acid hydrolysis in sugarcane bagasse for cellulose-rich extract production

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Proteins derived from the dairy losses and by-products as raw materials for non-food applications

The disposal of a high volume of waste-containing proteins is becoming increasingly challenging in a society that is aware of what is happening in the environment. The dairy industry generates several by-products that contain vast amounts of compounds, including proteins that are of industrial importance and for which new uses are being sought. This article provides a comprehensive review of the potential of the valorisation of proteins that can be recovered by chemical and/or physical processes from protein-containing milk by-products or milk surplus, particularly whey proteins or caseins. Whey proteins and casein characteristics, and applications in non-food industries, with special emphasis on the textile industry, packaging and biomedical, are reported in this review, in order to provide knowledge and raise awareness of the sustainability of these proteins to potentiate new opportunities in a circular economy context.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Dried fruit matrices incorporated with a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum

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New insights on biopolymer sterilization using supercritical co2 technology

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Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse as a potential prebiotic agent

Organic farming practices have been slowly replacing intensive agriculture with the use of plant growth promoting bacteria as key factor, as these bacteria interact effectively with plants and increase crop yields. However, despite the potential of bioinoculants, its usage in agriculture is still limited as their efficacy also depends upon other abiotic factors such as the soil type and its nutrients. A novel approach to bypass this limitation is the introduction of prebiotic agents to increase the richness of the soil and thus promote bacterial growth (Arif et., al 2020). Among the possible alternatives for soil supplementation, cellulose constitutes one of the best choices, as it is a renewable carbon source, widely abundant in nature and for which a great number of microorganisms produce enzymes. The aim of this work is to evaluate the prebiotic potential of cellulose, extracted from sugarcane bagasse, as prebiotic agent. To that end, cellulose was firstly extracted from sugarcane bagasse through an optimized procedure comprising an alkaline extraction with sodium hydroxide followed by a bleaching process with hydrogen peroxide. The capacity to promote the growth (prebiotic effect) of three soil representative microorganisms and nitrogen fixators i.e., Rhodococcus sp. EC35, Pseudomonas azotoformans and Chryseobacterium humi was evaluated for two cellulose extracts (i.e., raw cellulose and cellulose pulp) obtained from sugarcane bagasse. The results showed that the extraction process yielded ca. 63% and 42% for raw cellulose and cellulose pulp, respectively, being both extracts effective as prebiotic agents for the target microorganisms. Growth rates of 38 and 68% for Rhodococcus sp., and of 67 and 84% for C. humi was found for cellulose pulp and raw cellulose, respectively. On the other hand, for P. azotoformans, raw cellulose had no impact upon the growth rate, while cellulose pulp lead to a small decrease (ca. 7%). When comparing this data with the obtained for a standard cellulose from Sigma, it was possible to observe that the commercial cellulose was, in general, less effective as an environmental prebiotic as it only exhibited significant effects in the growth of C. humi. These results showed the potential of sugarcane bagasse as source of a natural bioinocula with prebiotic effect, thus potentiating the valorization of an industrial byproduct with low commercial value into a product with biological effect on soils supplementation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse as a potential prebiotic agent

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Comparative study of green and traditional routes for cellulose extraction from a sugarcane by-product

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is the main residue of the sugarcane industry and a promising renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic material. The cellulose component of SCB, present at 40–50%, can be used to produce value-added products for various applications. Herein, we present a comprehensive and comparative study of green and traditional approaches for cellulose extraction from the by-product SCB. Green methods of extraction (deep eutectic solvents, organosolv, and hydrothermal processing) were compared to traditional methods (acid and alkaline hydrolyses). The impact of the treatments was evaluated by considering the extract yield, chemical profile, and structural properties. In addition, an evaluation of the sustainability aspects of the most promising cellulose extraction methods was performed. Among the proposed methods, autohydrolysis was the most promising approach in cellulose extraction, yielding 63.5% of a solid fraction with ca. 70% cellulose. The solid fraction showed a crystallinity index of 60.4% and typical cellulose functional groups. This approach was demonstrated to be environmentally friendly, as indicated by the green metrics assessed (E(nvironmental)-factor = 0.30 and Process Mass Intensity (PMI) = 20.5). Autohydrolysis was shown to be the most cost-effective and sustainable approach for the extraction of a cellulose-rich extract from SCB, which is extremely relevant for aiming the valorization of the most abundant by-product of the sugarcane industry.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Carboxymethyl cellulose as a food emulsifier: are its days numbered?

Carboxymethyl cellulose use in industry is ubiquitous. Though it is recognized as safe by the EFSA and FDA, newer works have raised concerns related to its safety, as in vivo studies showed evidence of gut dysbiosis associated with CMC’s presence. Herein lies the question, is CMC a gut pro-inflammatory compound? As no work addressed this question, we sought to understand whether CMC was pro-inflammatory through the immunomodulation of GI tract epithelial cells. The results showed that while CMC was not cytotoxic up to 25 mg/mL towards Caco-2, HT29-MTX and Hep G2 cells, it had an overall pro-inflammatory behavior. In a Caco-2 monolayer, CMC by itself increased IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α secretion, with the latter increasing by 1924%, and with these increases being 9.7 times superior to the one obtained for the IL-1β pro-inflammation control. In co-culture models, an increase in secretion in the apical side, particularly for IL-6 (692% increase), was observed, and when RAW 264.7 was added, data showed a more complex scenario as stimulation of pro-inflammatory (IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and IFN-β) cytokines in the basal side was observed. Considering these results, CMC may exert a pro-inflammatory effect in the intestinal lumen, and despite more studies being required, the incorporation of CMC in foodstuffs must be carefully considered in the future to minimize potential GI tract dysbiosis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Design of green routes for cellulose extraction from a sugarcane by-product

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Design of innovative biocompatible cellulose nanostructures for the delivery and sustained release of curcumin

Poor aqueous solubility, stability and bioavailability of interesting bioactive compounds is a challenge in the development of bioactive formulations. Cellulose nanostructures are promising and sustainable carriers with unique features that may be used in enabling delivery strategies. In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibers were investigated as carriers for the delivery of curcumin, a model liposoluble compound. Nanocellulose modification with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), tannic acid and decylamine (TADA), and by TEMPO-mediated oxidation were also tested and compared. The carrier materials were characterized in terms of structural properties and surface charge, while the delivery systems were evaluated for their encapsulation and release properties. The release profile was assessed in conditions that mimic the gastric and intestinal fluids, and cytotoxicity studies were performed in intestinal cells to confirm safe application. Modification with CTAB and TADA resulted in high curcumin encapsulation efficiencies of 90 and 99%, respectively. While no curcumin was released from TADA-modified nanocellulose in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, CNC-CTAB allowed for a curcumin-sustained release of ca. 50% over 8 h. Furthermore, the CNC-CTAB delivery system showed no cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 intestinal cells up to 0.125 g/L, meaning that up to this concentration the system is safe to use. Overall, the use of the delivery systems allowed for the reduction in the cytotoxicity associated with higher curcumin concentrations, highlighting the potential of nanocellulose encapsulation systems.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio