Geographic distribution of G6PD deficient variants detected in five SMRU clinics along the Thailand-Myanmar border.

<p>The map indicates the geographic location of the five SMRU clinics where G6PD phenotypes and genotypes were investigated. The white and grey pie charts indicate the proportion of samples taken in each clinic that were either G6PD normal (white) or G6PD deficient (grey). The second-layer pie charts indicate the genetic variants causing phenotypic deficiency at the corresponding site. In two clinics, MLA and MKT, only Mahidol variant was found.</p

Number of subjects according to clinic site, G6PD phenotype and ethnic group.

<p>The first column indicates the SMRU clinic site where samples were collected. For each ethnic group the total number of subjects included and the relative proportion of G6PD deficient are shown.</p><p>Number of subjects according to clinic site, G6PD phenotype and ethnic group.</p

Enzymatic activity assessed by the spectrophotometric assay in G6PD normal males and hemizygous males for 4 different G6PD variants.

<p>The activity in G6PD wild type males was established before in the laboratory. The enzymatic activity was obtained by analyzing each blood sample in triplicate. N indicates the number of subjects who provided the blood for analysis.</p><p>Enzymatic activity assessed by the spectrophotometric assay in G6PD normal males and hemizygous males for 4 different G6PD variants.</p

Hazard ratios for different factors for <i>P.falciparum</i> and <i>P.vivax</i> during the 12 weeks post-partum follow-up.

<p>Hazard ratios for different factors for <i>P.falciparum</i> and <i>P.vivax</i> during the 12 weeks post-partum follow-up.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios for the effect of being a post-partum woman on <i>P.falciparum</i> and <i>P.vivax</i>.

<p>na; not applicable.</p

Accumulation of CQ_GREEN and ³H-CQ in PfCRT-Dd2 microsomes.

<p>Microsomes were incubated with 10 µM of chemosensitizers before addition of CQ_GREEN or ³H-CQ. Ctrl: negative control; Ver: verapamil; Mtp: methiothepin; Mgl: metergoline; Lop: loperamide; Oct: octoclothepin; Mib: mibefradil; L703: L703,606; Chl: chlorprothixene. *: p<0.05, comparing CQ_GREEN uptake against control. ^‡: p<0.05, comparing ³H-CQ uptake against control. Data presented are means ± S.E.M.; n≥3.</p

Characteristics of post-partum women and controls.

<p>Data presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (inter quartile range), [min-max] or n (%). NS; not significant</p

CQ_GREEN uptake by resistant-type PfCRT is inhibited by mibefradil in a dose-dependent manner.

<p>Microsomes were preincubated with varying concentrations of the PfCRT inhibitor mibefradil prior to addition of CQ_GREEN. At the highest concentration of 10 µM, mibefradil drastically suppressed CQ_GREEN uptake in PfCRT-Dd2 microsomes but had no significant effect on uptake in PfCRT-3D7 microsomes. *, ***: p<0.05 and p<0.001 respectively, against no mibefradil control (Ctrl). Data presented are means ± S.E.M.; n≥3.</p

ATP-dependent, verapamil-sensitive uptake of CQ_GREEN in microsomes.

<p>Yeast microsomes expressing CQ-sensitive or -resistant PfCRT (“PfCRT-3D7” and “PfCRT-Dd2” respectively), or microsomes from plasmid vector control (“No PfCRT”), were incubated with CQ_GREEN under different conditions. Preincubation with 150 µM verapamil abrogated CQ_GREEN uptake from PfCRT-Dd2 but did not affect uptake in PfCRT-3D7 microsomes. Removal of ATP from buffer abolished CQ_GREEN uptake entirely. **, ***: p<0.005 and p<0.001 respectively, against untreated control. ###: p<0.001. N.s.: not significant. Data presented are means ± S.E.M.; n≥3.</p

Flowchart detailing the screening and order of diagnostic testing of 160 samples received in Singapore and Thailand.

<p>Specimens positive for Plasmodium parasites were tested with lab-on-chip to evaluate the performance of the assay. Non-malaria samples were evaluated for CHIKV and DENV and subsequently tested with lab-on-chip assay for diagnostic methodology evaluation.</p