Preliminary assay of biological activity and acute toxicity of Vitex gardneriana Schauer (Verbenaceae)

O presente trabalho investigou pela primeira vez a atividade biológica e a toxicidade aguda de Vitex gardneriana Schauer, planta de utilização popular encontrada no sertão nordestino do Brasil. A toxicidade aguda, determinada por via oral e intraperitoneal, e diferentes atividades farmacológicas (antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, analgésica e hipnótica) foram pesquisadas utilizando soluções aquosas dos extratos brutos das cascas do caule e das folhas. Não se detectou sinais de toxicidade em nenhuma das doses testadas (250-2000 mg/kg). Foram encontrados relevantes efeitos farmacológicos nos extratos das folhas, que apresentaram ações anti-edematogênicas, antinociceptivas e sedantes. Os resultados encontrados corroboram a utilização popular de V. gardneriana e sugerem um excelente potencial terapêutico.The biological activity and the acute toxicity of Vitex gardneriana Schauer, a medicinal plant with popular use, were investigated. Acute toxicity after oral and intraperitoneal administration, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypnotic tests were carried out using leaves and stem bark aqueous extracts. No signs of toxicity were found in the dosage range tested (250-2000 mg/kg). Important pharmacological effects were found for leaves extract, which presented anti-edematogenic, anti-nociceptive and sedative actions. These results corroborate the popular use of V. gardneriana and point out a promising therapeutic potential.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Preliminary assay of biological activity and acute toxicity of Vitex gardneriana Schauer (Verbenaceae)

O presente trabalho investigou pela primeira vez a atividade biológica e a toxicidade aguda de Vitex gardneriana Schauer, planta de utilização popular encontrada no sertão nordestino do Brasil. A toxicidade aguda, determinada por via oral e intraperitoneal, e diferentes atividades farmacológicas (antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, analgésica e hipnótica) foram pesquisadas utilizando soluções aquosas dos extratos brutos das cascas do caule e das folhas. Não se detectou sinais de toxicidade em nenhuma das doses testadas (250-2000 mg/kg). Foram encontrados relevantes efeitos farmacológicos nos extratos das folhas, que apresentaram ações anti-edematogênicas, antinociceptivas e sedantes. Os resultados encontrados corroboram a utilização popular de V. gardneriana e sugerem um excelente potencial terapêutico.The biological activity and the acute toxicity of Vitex gardneriana Schauer, a medicinal plant with popular use, were investigated. Acute toxicity after oral and intraperitoneal administration, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypnotic tests were carried out using leaves and stem bark aqueous extracts. No signs of toxicity were found in the dosage range tested (250-2000 mg/kg). Important pharmacological effects were found for leaves extract, which presented anti-edematogenic, anti-nociceptive and sedative actions. These results corroborate the popular use of V. gardneriana and point out a promising therapeutic potential.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Chronic toxicological evaluation of the hydroalcoholic extract of Operculina alata (Ham.) Urban on biochemical and hematological parameters in female Wistar rats

O extrato hidroalcoólico (EHA) da Operculina alata (Ham.) Urban, é comercializado pelas propriedades laxantes e catárticas. Apesar da ampla utilização na Medicina tradicional, existem poucos estudos sobre a segurança de uso. Foram investigados efeitos da administração crônica do EHA sobre parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos. Não foram observados sinais de toxicidade aguda ou morte, nem alterações nos perfis bioquímicos e hematológicos, excetuando-se aumento significativo nos níveis séricos de glicose, alanina amino-transferase e fosfatase alcalina e redução na contagem de monócitos. Embora estatisticamente significativas, as alterações ocorreram dentro da faixa de referência para espécie. Aparentemente, essas alterações não estão relacionadas a efeitos tóxicos do extrato.The hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of Operculina alata (Ham.) Urban is commercialized due to its laxatives and cathartic properties. Despite its large use in traditional medicine, there are few studies about its safety. The effects of the chronic administration of the HAE on hematological and biochemical parameters were investigated. Acute toxicity signs or deaths were not observed, nor alterations on hematological and biochemical parameters, except for a significant increase of the seric levels of glucose, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase and also the decrease of monocytes counts. Although statistically significant, the alterations occurred on the reference values range and, apparently, they were not related to toxic effects of the extract.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Toxicological reproductive study of Carapa guianensis Aublet (Andiroba) in female Wistar rats

Os efeitos do óleo extraído das sementes da Carapa guianensis (OS) foram investigados sobre variáveis reprodutivas e desenvolvimento da prole de ratas Wistar. Quatro grupos de fêmeas foram tratados per os com OS (0,375, 0,75 e 1,5 g/kg) ou água durante a gestação. Não houve diferenças significantes nas variáveis reprodutivas entre os grupos tratados e controle. Na prole, não foram registradas alterações, exceto aumento da atividade motora na menor dose do OS. Conclui-se que o óleo de Carapa guianensis não interfere na fertilidade de ratas Wistar e desenvolvimento da prole, entretanto o aumento da atividade motora pode indicar uma possível ação sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central.The effects of the Carapa guianensis seed oil (SO) in the reproductive parameters and in the offspring development were investigated in Wistar rats. Four groups of female rats were treated orally with the SO (0,375, 0,75 and 1,5 g/kg) or water during the pregnancy. There were not significant differences in the reproductive parameters among the groups. In the offspring, there were no changes, except for an increase of the motor activity in the group SO 0,375 g/kg. It is concluded that the SO did not interfere on the fertility of Wistar rats and in the offspring development. However, the increase of the motor activity may indicate a possible action on the development of the central nervous system.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Toxicological reproductive study of Carapa guianensis Aublet (Andiroba) in female Wistar rats

Os efeitos do óleo extraído das sementes da Carapa guianensis (OS) foram investigados sobre variáveis reprodutivas e desenvolvimento da prole de ratas Wistar. Quatro grupos de fêmeas foram tratados per os com OS (0,375, 0,75 e 1,5 g/kg) ou água durante a gestação. Não houve diferenças significantes nas variáveis reprodutivas entre os grupos tratados e controle. Na prole, não foram registradas alterações, exceto aumento da atividade motora na menor dose do OS. Conclui-se que o óleo de Carapa guianensis não interfere na fertilidade de ratas Wistar e desenvolvimento da prole, entretanto o aumento da atividade motora pode indicar uma possível ação sobre o desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central.The effects of the Carapa guianensis seed oil (SO) in the reproductive parameters and in the offspring development were investigated in Wistar rats. Four groups of female rats were treated orally with the SO (0,375, 0,75 and 1,5 g/kg) or water during the pregnancy. There were not significant differences in the reproductive parameters among the groups. In the offspring, there were no changes, except for an increase of the motor activity in the group SO 0,375 g/kg. It is concluded that the SO did not interfere on the fertility of Wistar rats and in the offspring development. However, the increase of the motor activity may indicate a possible action on the development of the central nervous system.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Healing activity and pre-clinical toxicological study of phytotherapic sanativo®

A atividade cicatrizante de ferida do Sanativo® (SAN) e os possíveis efeitos tóxicos da sua administração subcrônica foram avaliados em ratos. O SAN reduziu significativamente a área das feridas abertas no dorso dos ratos. Na toxicidade subcrônica, o SAN na dose de 1,675 g/kg reduziu significativamente o ganho de massa corporal das ratas apenas na primeira semana de administração. O SAN produziu alterações significativas pontuais nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos, embora dentro da faixa de referência para espécie. A análise histológica dos tecidos não mostrou alteração. Em conclusão, o Sanativo® possui significativa propriedade cicatrizante no modelo avaliado e baixa toxicidade em ratos Wistar.The wound healing activity of phytotherapic Sanativo®(SAN) and the possible hazard effects of the subchronic administration of SAN were evaluated in rats. SAN induced significant decrease in the area of the open wound in the rat dorsum. In the sub-chronic toxicity studies, SAN in doses of 1,675 g/kg, decreased the gain in body mass, but this was significant only in the first week of administration. SAN produced only a few significant alterations in the hematological and biochemical parameters, although without dose-response correlation and were within the parameters of this species. The histological analysis of the tissues did not show changes. In conclusion, Sanativo ® possesses significant healing property in the open wound model and low toxicity in Wistar rats.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Healing activity and pre-clinical toxicological study of phytotherapic sanativo®

A atividade cicatrizante de ferida do Sanativo® (SAN) e os possíveis efeitos tóxicos da sua administração subcrônica foram avaliados em ratos. O SAN reduziu significativamente a área das feridas abertas no dorso dos ratos. Na toxicidade subcrônica, o SAN na dose de 1,675 g/kg reduziu significativamente o ganho de massa corporal das ratas apenas na primeira semana de administração. O SAN produziu alterações significativas pontuais nos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos, embora dentro da faixa de referência para espécie. A análise histológica dos tecidos não mostrou alteração. Em conclusão, o Sanativo® possui significativa propriedade cicatrizante no modelo avaliado e baixa toxicidade em ratos Wistar.The wound healing activity of phytotherapic Sanativo®(SAN) and the possible hazard effects of the subchronic administration of SAN were evaluated in rats. SAN induced significant decrease in the area of the open wound in the rat dorsum. In the sub-chronic toxicity studies, SAN in doses of 1,675 g/kg, decreased the gain in body mass, but this was significant only in the first week of administration. SAN produced only a few significant alterations in the hematological and biochemical parameters, although without dose-response correlation and were within the parameters of this species. The histological analysis of the tissues did not show changes. In conclusion, Sanativo ® possesses significant healing property in the open wound model and low toxicity in Wistar rats.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data