Configurations sociales et spatiales de deux quartiers « politique de la ville » contrastés. Éléments d’observation comparés

Cet article repose sur une recherche ethnologique concernant la vie ordinaire des jeunes dans deux quartiers défavorisés de deux villes moyennes, l’une, traditionnellement bourgeoise, l’autre, traditionnellement ouvrière, intégrant un passé riche en luttes économiques et sociales. Un couple de jeunes enquêteurs a passé trois mois dans chaque quartier, vivant avec les jeunes.L’organisation de l’espace dans les « quartiers » et la fonction de la ville-centre engendrent des conséquences majeures dans l’organisation sociale des jeunes. En effet, le sentiment de relégation, d’agression, est fortement déterminé par le plan du quartier, le paysage urbain et la position socio-économique du sujet. La vie dans un quartier fermé sur lui-même gêne les déplacements hors du quartier, concrètement et psychologiquement et donc, la recherche de travail.Cependant, que le quartier soit clos ou ouvert, la présence des jeunes filles est rare dans l’espace public. Leur place est dans l’espace privé. Ceci est en relation avec la culture de la minorité dominante qui s’étend à toutes les autres. Dans les quartiers clos, les jeunes hommes sortiront périodiquement mais en groupes, pour se donner de l’assurance dans un environnement qu’ils vivent comme hostile. Au contraire, dans un quartier plus ouvert l’individualisation est possible, ainsi que l’intégration par le travail.This paper is based on an ethnological research on the Youth day-to-day life in two deprived areas of the suburbs, « les quartiers ». A couple of researchers remained three monthes in each area, living with the young people.We chose to study those two areas in two different medium cities, one of them being a traditionally middle-class city, the other a traditionally working class one, with a vivid history of social and economical struggles integrated to its life. The social differences between the city centres were essential to understand the situation of their deprived areas.Space organisation and the function of the city centre have crucial consequences on the social organisation of the young people. It appears that the feeling of being relegated, aggressed, is greatly determined by the map, the landscape of the area, and the social and economic position of the actor. Living in an enclosed area, as in the first « quartier », leads to difficulties to go out, in real and psychological terms, hence, to find a job. Travelling in and out the area depends greatly on the point above but, in both types of areas the girls are seldom present in the public space, in relation with the culture of the dominant minority, that spreads upon the others. If the deprived area is an enclosed one, the young males use to go to the city centre in groups, securing themselves in an hostile surrounding. At the reverse, in an « open area » individualisation and integration is possible.Este artículo se basa en una investigación etnológica sobre la vida diaria de los jóvenes en dos barrios desfavorecidos de dos ciudades promedio, una tradicionalmente burguesa y la otra tradicionalmente obrera, con un pasado rico en luchas económicas y sociales. Una pareja de jóvenes investigadores pasó tres meses en cada barrio, viviendo con los jóvenes.La organización del espacio en los “barrios” y la función de la ciudad-centro acarrean consecuencias importantes en la organización social de los jóvenes. De hecho, el sentimiento de relegación, de agresión, está fuertemente determinado por el plano del barrio, el paisaje urbano y la posición socioeconómica del sujeto. La vida en un barrio encerrado en sí mismo obstaculiza los desplazamientos fuera del barrio, concretamente y psicológicamente, y, por ende, la búsqueda de trabajo.Sin embargo, aunque el barrio sea cerrado o abierto, la presencia de muchachas jóvenes es escasa en el espacio público. Su lugar está en el espacio privado. Esto se relaciona con la cultura de la minoría dominante que se extiende a todos los demás. En los barrios cerrados los muchachos jóvenes salen periódicamente pero en grupo, para sentirse seguros en un entorno que ellos viven como hostil. Por el contrario, en un barrio más abierto, la individualización es posible, así como la integración por el trabajo

Leveraging Natural History Data in One- and Two-Arm Hierarchical Bayesian Studies of Rare Disease Progression

peer reviewedThe small sample sizes inherent in rare and pediatric disease settings offer significant challenges for clinical trial design. In such settings, Bayesian adaptive trial methods can often pay dividends, allowing the sensible incorporation of auxiliary data and other relevant information to bolster that collected by the trial itself. Previous work has also included the use of one-arm trials augmented by the participants’ own natural history data, from which the future course of the disease in the absence of intervention can be predicted. Patient response can then be defined by the degree to which post-intervention observations are inconsistent with the predicted “natural” trajectory. While such trials offer obvious advantages in efficiency and ethical hazard (since they expose no new patients to a placebo, anathema to patients or their parents and caregivers), they can offer no protection against bias arising from the presence of any “placebo effect,” the tendency of patients to improve merely by being in the trial. In this paper, we investigate the impact of both static and transient placebo effects on one-arm responder studies of this type, as well as two-arm versions that incorporate a small concurrent placebo group but still borrow strength from the natural history data. We also propose more traditional Bayesian changepoint models that specify a parametric functional form for the patient’s post-intervention trajectory, which in turn allow quantification of the treatment benefit in terms of the model parameters, rather than semi-parametrically in terms of a response relative to some “null” model. We compare the operating characteristics of our designs in the context of an ongoing investigation of centronuclear myopathies (CNMs), a group of congenital neuromuscular diseases whose most common and severe form is X-linked, affecting approximately 1 in 50,000 newborn boys. Our results indicate our two-arm responder and changepoint methods can offer protection against placebo effects, improving power while protecting the trial’s Type I error rate. However, further research into innovative trial designs as well as ongoing dialog with regulatory authorities remain critically important in rare disease research

« Médiation de rue et logiques politiques municipales », V.E.I. Diversité, CNDP, 158, 2009, p. 202-207.

International audienc

La médiation de rue comme régulation des désordres urbains

International audienceLes ruptures entre les jeunes dits « des cités » et les élus locaux se sont opérées progressivement depuis les années 1980. Elles se sont accentuées brutalement avec les émeutes de novembre 2005, comme le montrent les récentes échauffourées entre jeunes et police dans les cités populaires urbaines. Quelle que soit la culture politique de la commune, les élus locaux ont de plus en plus de mal à conserver de la crédibilité à l’égard d’une frange croissante de la jeunesse des quartiers populaires, celle qui se situe en marge. C’est le cas d’une municipalité « gauche » de la banlieue de Paris étudiée entre 2007 et 2008 qui voit une augmentation graduelle des tensions entre jeunes et institutions. Cette situation que l’on pourrait qualifier d’« explosive » amène les édiles municipaux à concevoir (avant les émeutes de 2005) un dispositif de médiation de rue composé d’adultes originaires des cités HLM qui composent la ville

Bilan du statut sanitaire des bovins et des porcs vis à vis de la leptospirose dans l'Union Européenne

Cette étude a pour objet d'établir l'impact médical et économique de la leptospirose, zoonose classée parmi les maladies de la liste B de l'OIE. La leptospirose se retrouve chez tous les mammifères et notamment chez les animaux de production, se manifestant plutôt de manière protéiforme par des problèmes de reproduction. Il est démontré que la lutte doit passer par une maîtrise de la contamination (échange, introduction, ...) de ces animaux (bovins et porcs) et la mise au point d'une détection efficace. Pourtant la réglementation européenne ne montre aucune mesure générale harmonisée. Ce travail est une revue des informations bibliographiques mais aussi celles obtenues par des contacts pris dans les quinze pays européens. L'enquête a été menée afin de connaître la situation et les moyens de lutte employés. Ceci permet de conclure à une méconnaissance de la maladie, illustrée par des approchez de luttes très différentes malgré une présence de la leptospirose sur tout le territoire européen.NANTES-Ecole Nat.Vétérinaire (441092302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Thiophanate‐methyl and carbendazim resistance in Fusicoccum amygdali , the causal agent of constriction canker of peach and almond

International audienceIn light of growing environmental concerns, surveys of fungicide resistance are needed to ensure efficient control of fungi and avoid unnecessary treatments. Investigations of fungicide resistance in Fusicoccum amygdali are scarce despite the economic impacts of this pathogen in peach and almond orchards. Thiophanate-methyl has been registered for more than 20 years to control F. amygdali but no resistance has been reported to date. This propesticide is metabolized by fungi into carbendazim, a β-tubulin inhibitor. Sensitivity to carbendazim of nine populations of F. amygdali from French orchards was assessed using germination bioassays. Also, resistance levels of 63 strains isolated from four populations were evaluated using mycelial growth assays. The underlying mechanism of resistance was investigated by sequencing the β-tubulin gene, the molecular target of thiophanate-methyl, in a set of isolates with different levels of sensitivity to carbendazim. Cross-resistance to thiophanate-methyl and to another β-tubulin inhibitor, diethofencarb, was also assessed in carbendazim-sensitive and -resistant strains. Isolates highly resistant to carbendazim were found in one of the nine orchards studied. Sequencing showed that resistant phenotypes carry a mutation in the β-tubulin gene leading to E198K substitution. Positive cross-resistance to thiophanate-methyl was confirmed and no negative cross-resistance to diethofencarb was identified in the phenotyped isolates, which were all resistant to this active substance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of resistance to thiophanate-methyl in F. amygdali. The high level of resistance of isolates sampled in one population is of concern, although the limited geographical scope of resistance suggests its recent emergence

Configurations sociales et spatiales de deux quartiers « politique de la ville » contrastés. Éléments d’observation comparés

This paper is based on an ethnological research on the Youth day-to-day life in two deprived areas of the suburbs, « les quartiers ». A couple of researchers remained three monthes in each area, living with the young people.We chose to study those two areas in two different medium cities, one of them being a traditionally middle-class city, the other a traditionally working class one, with a vivid history of social and economical struggles integrated to its life. The social differences between the city centres were essential to understand the situation of their deprived areas.Space organisation and the function of the city centre have crucial consequences on the social organisation of the young people. It appears that the feeling of being relegated, aggressed, is greatly determined by the map, the landscape of the area, and the social and economic position of the actor. Living in an enclosed area, as in the first « quartier », leads to difficulties to go out, in real and psychological terms, hence, to find a job. Travelling in and out the area depends greatly on the point above but, in both types of areas the girls are seldom present in the public space, in relation with the culture of the dominant minority, that spreads upon the others. If the deprived area is an enclosed one, the young males use to go to the city centre in groups, securing themselves in an hostile surrounding. At the reverse, in an « open area » individualisation and integration is possible

Reaction to fire of an intumescent epoxy resin: Protection mechanisms and synergy

International audienceThis study investigates the effects of the incorporation of nanoparticles on the reaction to fire of an epoxy resin containing a conventional intumescent flame retardant. Two types of nanoparticles are considered: OctaMethylOligomericSilsesquioxanes (OMPOSS) and Carbon NanoTubes (CNTs). The combination of an intumescent phosphorus-based flame-retardant (APP) and CNTs provides no enhancement of the reaction to fire of this system. In contrast, using OMPOSS in combination with APP provides a large synergistic effect via an intumescence phenomenon. The study of the thermal degradation of these systems shows that the interactions between these fillers modify the viscosity of the degraded matrix. The trapping of degradation gases is enhanced in the case of APP/OMPOSS, which results in the creation of anintumescent protective layer earlier than with the reference system containing APP alone. Furthermore,the presence of OMPOSS permits the creation of silicophosphates which reinforce the residue. In contrast, the residue of the formulation containing carbon nanotubes is excessively stiff and it cracks during combustion, hindering the proper formation of the protective layer

Novel hybrid poly(l-lactic acid) from titanium oxo-cluster via reactive extrusion polymerization

This paper reports the synthesis of novel hybrid poly(lactic acid) by use of a titanium oxo-cluster, acting both as a catalyst and crosslinking agent of the polymer matrix. The already reported oxo-cluster Ti16O16(OEt)32 ([Ti]16) was synthesized and screened at the lab-scale as catalyst for the bulk polymerization of L-lactide (L-LA). [Ti]16 was found to be highly active for this reaction as up to 90% conversion in 30 min was obtained, affording PLLAs with Mn up to 65 000 g·mol−1 and relatively narrow dispersities (1.2–1.6). These polymerization reactions were further transposed to reactive extrusion process in which [Ti]16 oxo-cluster kept its high activity, affording hybrid-PLLA materials with Mn close to 58 000 g·mol−1 (some PLLAs could not be dissolved). Electronic microprobe analysis of the resulting hybrid materials confirmed that the titanium oxo-cluster was well dispersed all over the PLLA matrix. Finally, it was shown that the hybrid PLLA containing [Ti]16 display superior dimensional stability under heat than commercial PLLA of same molar mass

A high diversity of mechanisms endows ALS-inhibiting herbicide resistance in the invasive common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)

International audienceAbstract Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (common ragweed) is a globally invasive, allergenic, troublesome arable weed. ALS-inhibiting herbicides are broadly used in Europe to control ragweed in agricultural fields. Recently, ineffective treatments were reported in France. Target site resistance (TSR), the only resistance mechanism described so far for ragweed, was sought using high-throughput genotyping-by-sequencing in 213 field populations randomly sampled based on ragweed presence. Additionally, non-target site resistance (NTSR) was sought and its prevalence compared with that of TSR in 43 additional field populations where ALS inhibitor failure was reported, using herbicide sensitivity bioassay coupled with ALS gene Sanger sequencing. Resistance was identified in 46 populations and multiple, independent resistance evolution demonstrated across France. We revealed an unsuspected diversity of ALS alleles underlying resistance (9 amino-acid substitutions involved in TSR detected across 24 populations). Remarkably, NTSR was ragweed major type of resistance to ALS inhibitors. NTSR was present in 70.5% of the resistant plants and 74.1% of the fields harbouring resistance. A variety of NTSR mechanisms endowing different resistance patterns evolved across populations. Our study provides novel data on ragweed resistance to herbicides, and emphasises that local resistance management is as important as mitigating gene flow from populations where resistance has arisen