Effects of Administration of Perinatal Bupropion on the Population Spike Amplitude in Neonatal Rat Hippocampal Slice

Objective(s)Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that is widely used in smoke cessation under FDA approval. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can help to finding out its mechanism(s) for stopping nicotine dependence. In this study the effects of perinatal bupropion on the population spike (PS) amplitude of neonates were investigated. Materials and Methods Hippocampal slices were prepared from 18-25 days old rat pups. The experimental groups included control and bupropion-treated. Bupropion (40 mg/Kg, i.p.) was applied daily in perinatal period as pre-treatment. Due to the studying acute effects, bupropion was also added to the perfusion medium (10, 50, 200 μM for 30 min). The evoked PS was recorded from pyramidal layer of CA1 area, following stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. ResultsA concentration of 10 μM bupropion had no significant effects on the PS amplitude. The 50 μM concentration of bupropion reduced the amplitude of responses in 50% of the studied cases. At a concentration of 200 μM, the recorded PS amplitudes were reduced in all slices (n= 22). Amplitude was completely abolished in 8 out of the 22 slices. The decrease of the PS amplitude was found to be more in the non-pre-treated slices than in the pre-treated slices when both were perfused with 200 μM bupropion.Conclusion The results showed the perinatal exposure to bupropion and its acute effects while indicating that at concentrations of 50 and 200 μM bupropion reduced the PS amplitude. It was also found that there was evidence of synaptic adaptation in comparison of bupropion-treated and non-treated slices whereas they were both perfused with 200 µM

Effects of long term perinatal administration of Bupropion on population spike amplitude in neonatal rat hippocampal slices

Introduction: The perinatal effects of antidepressants on CNS due to its common usage are importantissues in neuroscience research. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that is used in smoke cessationunder FDA approve widely. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can reveal its mechanism fornicotine dependence cessation. In this study the long term effects of perinatal bupropion on populationspike (PS) amplitudes were investigated. The PS amplitude is a good parameter for synaptic plasticity.Materials and Methods: Hippocampal slices from 18-25 day old rat’s pups were prepared. The examgroups included control and Bupropion treated groups. Bupropion (40 mg/Kg, i.p) was applied inperinatal period daily as pretreatment. Bupropion also was perfused in ACSF (10, 50, 200 μ mol, 30minutes) and tested for PS amplitude. PS amplitude of Stratum Radiatum was measured before and afterBupropion perfusion. Amplitude of PS before Bupropion perfusion was fitted as 100% for baseline.Results: A concentration of 10 μM did not reduce PS amplitude and Bupropion had no significanteffects on PS amplitude. Bupropion in concentration of 50μM could reduce the amplitude of responses in50% of cases. The 200 μM of Bupropion perfusion reduced population spike amplitude all slices (n=22).In the last state population spike amplitude in 8 out 0f 22 slices completely abolished. Decreasepopulation spike amplitude in non-treated slices with 200 μM perfusion was more than treated slices.Conclusion: Analyzing of data showed that chronic perinatal exposure to Bupropion in concentrations50,200 μM reduced PS amplitude and we found adaptation synaptic in perfusion 200 μM compare withBupropion treated slices with non- treated

Evaluation of the antidepressant-like effect of Viola odorata hydroalcoholic extract in male mice

Background and Aim: In traditional medicine Viola odorata (VO) has been used as anti-inflammatory, hypnotic, sedative, antioxidant, anti-anxiety, and therapist for neuropsychiatric disorders; Hence, in the present study, the antidepressant effect of VO hydroalcoholic extract in mice was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, one hundred-fourteen male albino mice were randomly divided into normal saline or control (10ml/kg, i.p), fluoxetine (20mg/kg, i.p), imipramine (30mg/kg, i.p) and, VO extract (50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, i.p), respectively. The antidepressant-like activity was performed by behavioral tests as forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open field test. Results: The VO extract (100 to 400 mg/kg) reduced immobility time in both FST and TST (P0.05). In OFT, doses of 200mg / kg and 400mg / kg of VO caused the reduced the number of crossings from the square and on the two feet (P <0.05 and P <0.01 respectively). Conclusion: Probably, the acute doses of the Viola odorata, similar to fluoxetine, are likely to cause anti-depressant effects

Beneficial Effects of American Ginseng on Epididymal Sperm Analyses in Cyclophosphamide Treated Rats

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of American ginseng administered by gastric intubation on sperm vital quality in adult male rats treated with cyclophosphamide (CP).Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups, seven rats in each. The animals allocated to control, CP treated, Ginseng treated and CP-Ginseng treated groups. Rats were treated with CP (6.1 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 6 weeks. American ginseng was used at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day during treatment. Sperm analysis (motion, count, morphology and viability) were evaluated at the end of the experiments. Sperm motion was assessed by Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). The data were analyzed using GB stat software. Probability values of p<0.05 and p<0.01 were considered significant.Results: The epididymal sperm counts in the groups that received CP showed significant decreases compared to the control group. Also dead and abnormal sperms significantly increased following CP treatment compared with control. The motility of caudal sperm was reduced significantly with CP treatment. Therefore, according to the results of this study, co-administration of CP and American ginseng can improve these parameters.Conclusion: American ginseng can prevent the cytotoxic effects of CP on sperm quality factors

Acute Tramadol-Induced Cellular Tolerance and Dependence of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic Neurons: An In Vivo Electrophysiological Study

Introduction: Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) is a core region of the brainstem that contributes to different vital bio-responses such as pain and addiction. The Dopaminergic (DA) cellular content of VTA has major roles in different functions. This study aims to evaluate the cellular effect of tramadol on the putative VTA-DA neurons. Methods: Wistar rats were assigned into three groups of control, sham, and tramadol-treated. The animals were anesthetized and their VTA-DA neuronal activity was obtained under controlled stereotaxic operation. The firing rate of the neurons was extracted according to principal component analysis by Igor Pro software and analyzed statistically considering P<0.05 as significant. Tramadol (20 mg/kg) was infused intraperitoneally.  Results: Overall, 121 putative VTA-DA neurons were isolated from all groups. In tramadol-treated rats, the inhibition of the neuronal firing was proposed as tolerance and the excitation period as dependence or withdrawal. The Mean±SD inhibition time lasted up to 50.34±10.17 minutes and 31% of neurons stopped firing and silenced after 24±3 min on average but the remaining neurons lowered their firing up to 43% to 67% of their baseline firing. All neurons showed the excitation period, lasted about 56.12±15.30 min, and the firing of neurons increased from 176% to 244% of their baseline or pre-injection period. Conclusion: The tolerance and dependence effects of tramadol are related to the changes in the neuronal firing rate at the putative VTA-DA neurons. The acute injection of tramadol can initiate neuroadaptation on the opioid and non-opioid neurotransmission to mediate these effects

Cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity ameliorate by American ginseng treatment: An experimental study

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most invasive chemotherapeutic agents, which used commonly despite of its wide spectrum toxicity. Clinical evidence showed toxic side effects of CP in multiple organ systems. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of American ginseng on CP-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (220&plusmn;30 gr) were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 in each). Group 1 as control received normal saline by gavage, group 2 received CP (6.1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a period of 50 days. Group 3 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) by gavage. Group 4 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) 1h prior to the administration of CP in the equal dose of group 2. The animals scarified one day after the last treatment and the effects of American ginseng on the sperm vital parameters, testicular functions, biochemical factors, and structural malformations evaluated. Results: Serum testosterone concentration was significantly decreased whereas the level of malondialdehyde and DNA damage were significantly increased in animals of CP group (p<0.01). Co-administration of American ginseng reversed these parameters and improved recovery in CP+ginseng group. In addition, seminiferous tubules of testis severely damaged in the CP group but ginseng improved histologic changes in CP+ginseng group. Conclusion: The findings confirmed the protective effects of American ginseng on toxicity induced by CP in the reproductive system of male rats

Effects of Administration of Perinatal Bupropion on the Population Spike Amplitude in Neonatal Rat Hippocampal Slices

Abstract Objective(s) Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that is widely used in smoke cessation under FDA approval. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can help to finding out its mechanism(s) for stopping nicotine dependence. In this study the effects of perinatal bupropion on the population spike (PS) amplitude of neonates were investigated. Materials and Methods Hippocampal slices were prepared from 18-25 days old rat pups. The experimental groups included control and bupropion-treated. Bupropion (40 mg/Kg, i.p.) was applied daily in perinatal period as pre-treatment. Due to the studying acute effects, bupropion was also added to the perfusion medium (10, 50, 200 µM for 30 min). The evoked PS was recorded from pyramidal layer of CA1 area, following stimulation of Schaffer collaterals. Results A concentration of 10 µM bupropion had no significant effects on the PS amplitude. The 50 µM concentration of bupropion reduced the amplitude of responses in 50% of the studied cases. At a concentration of 200 µM, the recorded PS amplitudes were reduced in all slices (n= 22). Amplitude was completely abolished in 8 out of the 22 slices. The decrease of the PS amplitude was found to be more in the non-pre-treated slices than in the pre-treated slices when both were perfused with 200 µM bupropion. Conclusion The results showed the perinatal exposure to bupropion and its acute effects while indicating that at concentrations of 50 and 200 µM bupropion reduced the PS amplitude. It was also found that there was evidence of synaptic adaptation in comparison of bupropion-treated and non-treated slices whereas they were both perfused with 200 µM

Acute systemic infusion of bupropion decrease formalin induced pain behavior in rat

Background: The chronic pain can disturb physical, psychological, and social performances. Analgesic agents are widely used but some antidepressants (ADs) showed analgesia also. Bupropion is using for smoke cessation but it can change morphine withdrawal signs such as pain. This study tested the acute systemic effect of bupropion on formalin induced pain behavior in rats. Methods: Wistar male healthy rats were divided into 7 groups (control, sham, and 5 treated groups with 10, 30, 90, 120, and 200 mg/kg of bupropion, i.p.). The bupropion injected 3 hours prior to formalin induced pain behavior. Formalin (50 μl, 2.5%) was injected subcutaneously in dorsal region of right hindpaw in all animals. Nociceptive signs were observed continuously on-line and off-line each minute. Common pain scoring was used for pain assessment. Results: The analysis of data by one-way ANOVA showed that bupropion can reduce pain scores in the second phase but not in first phase. Bupropion decreased the licking/biting duration significantly in first and second phase of formalin test. Conclusions: The results showed that bupropion has analgesic effects at systemic application. The change of second phase of the pain behavior was significant and it revealed that central mechanisms involve in bupropion analgesia. © The Korean Pain Society, 2014