The duration of the merging or exiting process with high and low traffic densities.

<p>The duration of the merging or exiting process with high and low traffic densities.</p

Drivers’ Visual Characteristics when Merging onto or Exiting an Urban Expressway

<div><p>The aim of this study is to examine drivers’ visual and driving behavior while merging onto or exiting an urban expressway with low and high traffic densities. The analysis was conducted according to three periods (approaching, merging or exiting, and accelerating or decelerating). A total of 10 subjects (8 males and 2 females) with ages ranging from 25 to 52 years old (M = 30.0 years old) participated in the study. The research was conducted in a natural driving situation, and the drivers’ eye movements were monitored and recorded using an eye tracking system. The results show that the influence of traffic density on the glance duration and scan duration is more significant when merging than when exiting. The results also demonstrate that the number of glances and the mean glance duration are mainly related to the driving task (e.g., the merging period). Therefore, drivers’ visual search strategies mainly depend on the current driving task. With regard to driving behavior, the variation tendencies of the duration and the velocity of each period are similar. These results support building an automated driving assistant system that can automatically identify gaps and accelerate or decelerate the car accordingly or provide suggestions to the driver to do so.</p></div

MDA contents of six successional seral species.

<p>The MDA contents were measured on July (7), August (8) and September (9) under three water deficient levels (severe, moderate and mild). Significant multi-comparison results of month × species and species were marked on the first and second label rows of X-axes. Significant multi-comparison results of month and deficient level × species were marked as legends within two blocks (see associated ANOVAs results of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098872#pone-0098872-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). In the box of legend zone, species of <i>A. scoparia, S. viridis, A. sacrorum, A. giraldii, B. ischaemum</i> and <i>L. dahurica</i> were abbreviated as <i>Asc, Sv, Asa, Ag, Bi</i> and <i>Ld</i>, respectively.</p

SOD activities of six successional seral species.

<p>The measurements were conducted on July (7), August (8) and September (9) under three water deficient levels (severe, moderate and mild). Significant multi-comparison results of species and month × species were marked on the second and first label rows of the X-axes, respectively (see associated ANOVAs results of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0098872#pone-0098872-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>).</p

The average latencies of fixation on a new object and average number of trials in which onsets were fixated for all conditions in Experiment 2.

<p>The average latencies of fixation on a new object and average number of trials in which onsets were fixated for all conditions in Experiment 2.</p

The relationship between glanceTPerc and scanTPerc at different traffic densities when entering (%).

<p>Drivers’ cognitive resources or cognitive energy consists of glanceTPerc and scanTPerc, glanceTPerc consists of 5 DIRs’ glanceTPerc during the merging task and glanceTPerc is further analysed for 5 directions (DIRs).</p

Psychometric properties of each scale, for each study.

<p>DF = Daydream Frequency; MW = Mind Wandering; rMEQ = reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire;</p><p>PSQI Global = Global PSQI score (the sum of the seven components); PS-DD = Problem-Solving Daydreams;</p><p>ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; PA = Positive Affect;</p><p>NA = Negative Affect.</p>†<p>Pearson, two-tailed; study 1, N = 75; study 2, N = 89; study 3, N = 171 (except MW = 73); all <i>ps</i><.0005.</p><p>*Based on the seven separate components.</p

Chronotype classifications, and descriptive statistics by chronotype.

†<p>See Methods section for gender differences.</p>‡<p>Mean (standard deviation). *p≤.05; **p≤.01.</p

Experimental regression model.

<p>Experimental regression model.</p

Fixation results in the non-onset target condition of Experiment 1.

<p>Panel A illustrates the probability of fixating new objects under the non-onset target condition in Experiment 1; Panel B illustrates the probability of first look to onset for the three mask types under the non-onset target condition in Experiment 1.</p