Creating Connections Between Environmental and Human Health and Messaging a Call to Pro-Environmental Action

Final project for ENSP 400: Capstone in Environmental Science and Policy (Fall 2017). University of Maryland, College Park.The Montgomery County Department of Parks, and other environmentally-oriented organizations, have historically had a difficult time communicating the importance of environmental issues to the general public. A major reason is that much of this communication has promoted environmental protection for the intrinsic sake of the environment, and not for human well-being. As a result, people who are not already environmentally inclined may not be interested in protecting it; they are unaware of how environmental crises may impact their own well-being. If they were made aware of such impacts, they might be more invested in environmental protection. To address this issue, we investigated the connections between environmental and human health, and determined how those connections should be crafted and messaged, to initiate a call to pro-environmental action among diverse groups in the Montgomery County public. We carried these tasks out in the context of a park system and focused our work on how parks are beneficial to both human and environmental health, and how they can be used to message human-environment connections and pro-environmental behavior. We researched the history of environmental communication in the U.S., current environmental-human health connections in water and air quality, and communication strategies that could encourage sustainability and support for parks in the County. This research culminated in a set of final recommendations for optimizing the pro-environmental messaging of the Department of Parks. Research into the history of environmental communication revealed wide variety of message types to gain support for sustainable behavior. Since the 1950s, messages catering to human values—altruistic or egoistic—and messages in line with social and media norms, have been prevalent. We believe that such messages could be used by the Department of Parks to promote park visitation and support. The investigation of environmental-human health connections revealed water and air quality deterioration as strong forces that are affecting both environmental and human health. Such forces, ranging from lead poisoning in water to carbon emissions in air, were found to be detrimental to both environments and humans, thus connecting the two—when environments are damaged, human health is damaged as well. However, parks can help mitigate these forces in a variety of ways. Finally, the most effective forms of communication are those that are simple; messages that are straightforward and easy to understand by varied audiences. Furthermore, we found that messages that encourage environmental-human health protection were most effective when crafted as a social norm or human value, not by using information alone. Based on of these findings, we devised a set of recommendations for Department of Parks messaging that include four steps that should be used in crafting Department messages: begin with an introductory hook; describe environmental-human health connections; craft environmental-human health connections; conclude with a call to action. We hope that these steps will help the Department garner optimal public support for its parks and natural environment.Montgomery Count

Does quality assurance deliver higher productivity?

This paper seeks to assess whether the implementation of formal quality schemes in the construction industry delivers higher productivity when measured at site level. The work reports an experiment in which the resources used by construction contractors to build housing association houses varied in accordance with the level of formal quality certification held by the contractors. It concludes that formally assured organizations use fewer resources to create the same output.Quality Assurance Housebuilding Productivity,

Data_Sheet_1_COVID-19 booster enhances IgG mediated viral neutralization by human milk in vitro.docx

BackgroundFacilitated by the inability to vaccinate, and an immature immune system, COVID-19 remains a leading cause of death among children. Vaccinated lactating mothers produce specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their milk, capable of neutralizing the virus in vitro. Our objective for this study is to assess the effect of COVID-19 booster dose on SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentration and viral neutralization in milk, plasma, and infant stool.MethodsThirty-nine mothers and 25 infants were enrolled from December 2020 to May 2022. Milk, maternal plasma, and infants' stool were collected at various time-points up to 12 months following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. A subgroup of 14 mothers received a booster dose. SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and their neutralization capacities were assessed.ResultsBooster vaccination led to significantly higher IgG levels within human milk and breastfed infants' stool. In vitro neutralization of VSV-gfp-SARS-CoV-2-S-gp, a laboratory safe SARS-CoV-2 like pseudovirus, improved following the booster, with a 90% increase in plasma neutralization and a 60% increase in milk neutralization. We found that post-booster neutralization by human milk was highly correlated to SARS-CoV-2 IgG level. In support of our correlation result, Protein G column depletion of IgG in milk yielded a significant reduction in viral neutralization (p = 0.04).DiscussionThe substantial increase in neutralizing IgG levels in milk and breastfed infants' stool post-booster, coupled with the decrease in milk neutralization capabilities upon IgG depletion, underscores the efficacy of booster doses in augmenting the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk.</p

Image_2_COVID-19 booster enhances IgG mediated viral neutralization by human milk in vitro.tif

BackgroundFacilitated by the inability to vaccinate, and an immature immune system, COVID-19 remains a leading cause of death among children. Vaccinated lactating mothers produce specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their milk, capable of neutralizing the virus in vitro. Our objective for this study is to assess the effect of COVID-19 booster dose on SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentration and viral neutralization in milk, plasma, and infant stool.MethodsThirty-nine mothers and 25 infants were enrolled from December 2020 to May 2022. Milk, maternal plasma, and infants' stool were collected at various time-points up to 12 months following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. A subgroup of 14 mothers received a booster dose. SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and their neutralization capacities were assessed.ResultsBooster vaccination led to significantly higher IgG levels within human milk and breastfed infants' stool. In vitro neutralization of VSV-gfp-SARS-CoV-2-S-gp, a laboratory safe SARS-CoV-2 like pseudovirus, improved following the booster, with a 90% increase in plasma neutralization and a 60% increase in milk neutralization. We found that post-booster neutralization by human milk was highly correlated to SARS-CoV-2 IgG level. In support of our correlation result, Protein G column depletion of IgG in milk yielded a significant reduction in viral neutralization (p = 0.04).DiscussionThe substantial increase in neutralizing IgG levels in milk and breastfed infants' stool post-booster, coupled with the decrease in milk neutralization capabilities upon IgG depletion, underscores the efficacy of booster doses in augmenting the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk.</p

Image_3_COVID-19 booster enhances IgG mediated viral neutralization by human milk in vitro.tif

BackgroundFacilitated by the inability to vaccinate, and an immature immune system, COVID-19 remains a leading cause of death among children. Vaccinated lactating mothers produce specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their milk, capable of neutralizing the virus in vitro. Our objective for this study is to assess the effect of COVID-19 booster dose on SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentration and viral neutralization in milk, plasma, and infant stool.MethodsThirty-nine mothers and 25 infants were enrolled from December 2020 to May 2022. Milk, maternal plasma, and infants' stool were collected at various time-points up to 12 months following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. A subgroup of 14 mothers received a booster dose. SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and their neutralization capacities were assessed.ResultsBooster vaccination led to significantly higher IgG levels within human milk and breastfed infants' stool. In vitro neutralization of VSV-gfp-SARS-CoV-2-S-gp, a laboratory safe SARS-CoV-2 like pseudovirus, improved following the booster, with a 90% increase in plasma neutralization and a 60% increase in milk neutralization. We found that post-booster neutralization by human milk was highly correlated to SARS-CoV-2 IgG level. In support of our correlation result, Protein G column depletion of IgG in milk yielded a significant reduction in viral neutralization (p = 0.04).DiscussionThe substantial increase in neutralizing IgG levels in milk and breastfed infants' stool post-booster, coupled with the decrease in milk neutralization capabilities upon IgG depletion, underscores the efficacy of booster doses in augmenting the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk.</p

Image_1_COVID-19 booster enhances IgG mediated viral neutralization by human milk in vitro.TIF

BackgroundFacilitated by the inability to vaccinate, and an immature immune system, COVID-19 remains a leading cause of death among children. Vaccinated lactating mothers produce specific SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their milk, capable of neutralizing the virus in vitro. Our objective for this study is to assess the effect of COVID-19 booster dose on SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentration and viral neutralization in milk, plasma, and infant stool.MethodsThirty-nine mothers and 25 infants were enrolled from December 2020 to May 2022. Milk, maternal plasma, and infants' stool were collected at various time-points up to 12 months following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. A subgroup of 14 mothers received a booster dose. SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and their neutralization capacities were assessed.ResultsBooster vaccination led to significantly higher IgG levels within human milk and breastfed infants' stool. In vitro neutralization of VSV-gfp-SARS-CoV-2-S-gp, a laboratory safe SARS-CoV-2 like pseudovirus, improved following the booster, with a 90% increase in plasma neutralization and a 60% increase in milk neutralization. We found that post-booster neutralization by human milk was highly correlated to SARS-CoV-2 IgG level. In support of our correlation result, Protein G column depletion of IgG in milk yielded a significant reduction in viral neutralization (p = 0.04).DiscussionThe substantial increase in neutralizing IgG levels in milk and breastfed infants' stool post-booster, coupled with the decrease in milk neutralization capabilities upon IgG depletion, underscores the efficacy of booster doses in augmenting the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk.</p