Structure, Gene Flow, and Recombination among Geographic Populations of a <i>Russula virescens</i> Ally from Southwestern China

<div><p>Mushrooms that are morphologically indistinguishable from <i>Russula virescens</i> (Schaeff.) Fr. are among the most popular wild edible mushrooms in Yunnan province, southwestern China. However, almost nothing is known about their biology. This study investigated the diversity and population genetics of a <i>R. virescens</i> ally from Yunnan. A total of 210 samples were collected from 13 geographical locations throughout the main distribution range in Yunnan. The patterns of genetic variation within and among these geographic populations were analyzed using sequences from three nuclear and two mitochondrial DNA fragments. Analysis of the ITS sequences revealed that samples from Yunnan showed 3–6% sequence difference from <i>R. virescens</i> samples from North America and Europe and formed a distinct clade. Our multilocus population genetic analyses suggested frequent gene flow among geographic populations of the <i>R. virescens</i> ally in Yunnan. Interestingly, the nuclear and mitochondrial genes exhibited different levels of gene flow and recombination. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding speciation, reproduction and conservation of this important biological resource.</p></div

Results of multilocus linkage disequilibrium analyses for the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan, southwestern China.

<p>Results of multilocus linkage disequilibrium analyses for the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan, southwestern China.</p

Additional file 4: Table S2. of Efficient TALEN-mediated myostatin gene editing in goats

Primers for PCR amplification of TALENs target regions. (DOC 29 kb

Geographic samples and ITS genotype distributions of the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan.

<p>Yunnan Province is highlighted in red; the administrative regions within Yunnan province are marked in blue; and the sample collection localities (county/community) are marked in black. Pie charts show the relative frequency of ITS genotypes at each collection locality.</p

Additional file 3: Table S4. of Efficient TALEN-mediated myostatin gene editing in goats

Primer pairs for PCR amplification of off-target regions for MTAL-2. (DOC 32 kb

Results of multilocus linkage disequilibrium analyses for the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan, southwestern China.

<p>Results of multilocus linkage disequilibrium analyses for the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan, southwestern China.</p

A neighbor-joining tree of the ITS sequences of the 13 genotypes of a <i>R. virescens</i> ally from Yunnan and the closely related ITS sequences of genus <i>Russula</i> from GenBank.

<p>For each ITS genotype (GEN) in our samples, the first number represents the genotype assignment; the characters after represent the county/community from where the strains were sampled; the last number represents the total number of strains belonging to the specific genotype. The reference strains are each represented by their GenBank accession number, the genus abbreviation and the species name. The bootstrap values are obtained from 1000 replicates.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Efficient TALEN-mediated myostatin gene editing in goats

TALEN target sequences. (DOC 35 kb

Summary results of AMOVA within and among geographic populations of the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan, southwestern China.

<p>d.f., Degrees of freedom; SS, sum of squared observations; MS, mean of squared observations; Est. var., estimated variance; % Var., percentage of total variance; PhiRT, proportion of the total genetic variance between regions; PhiPR, proportion of the total genetic variance among populations within a region; PhiPT, proportion of the total genetic variance among individuals within populations.</p

Evidence for phylogenetic incompatibility between the two mitochondrial loci in samples of the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan, southwest China.

<p>Evidence for phylogenetic incompatibility between the two mitochondrial loci in samples of the <i>R. virescens</i> species complex from Yunnan, southwest China.</p