ASSESSMENT OF IN-TRICYCLE EXPOSURE TO CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION ON ROADS IN NIGERIAN URBAN CENTRES

This research project investigates in-tricycle exposure to carbon monoxide emission on roads in Nigerian urban centres. Pollution was discussed with air pollution as priority, carbon monoxide a criteria air pollutant was used as case study. The minor and adverse effects of carbon monoxide exposure were buttressed, including its sources, majorly from incomplete combustion of fuel in automobile. This research displays a basic audit of overall research work led to portray CO exposure inside tricycles. Specific sampling roads were selected in urban areas, majorly areas with high traffic congestion, measurement methods for field testing are exhibited alongside levels of exposure of the passengers to the measured carbon monoxide. Using the results obtained from this research statistical and graphical analysis were carried out, five out of the six sampling routes were identified to have concentrations that exceed standards of environmental and regulatory bodies. Governmental and environmental limits for carbon monoxide, range between the values of 9-10 ppm. The control road showed an ideal in-tricycle carbon monoxide level due to less traffic, therefore was considered safe. This research also proved that the level of exposure to carbon monoxide on roads is relative to the extent of traffic congestion. Extrapolation was carried out to obtain 8-hour and 24-hour averaging periods to determine the exposure level over time, even if the traffic disperses, the out of the six roads still showed high concentration values after 8 hours and 24 hours. This research proved that passengers are exposed to carbon monoxide in tricycles. The level of exposure can also be present in concentrations enough to harm the health of passengers. Recommendations were made to help reduce high carbon monoxide concentrations in tricycles

Emissions from petroleum products consumption in north-central region of Nigeria

Gasoline and diesel combustion emits particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen that have been a major source of pollution in the north-central region of Nigeria. These have led to adverse effect both on individuals and on the environment at large. The emission rate from the petroleum product combustion was investigated using the emission factor approach. From result of the investigated air emissions, it was observed that Abuja the federal capital of Nigeria being the highest consumer of the product had the highest emission rate

Impact of elemental composition of particulate matter in the airshed of a University Farm on the local air quality.

The impact of particulate matter on the ambient air quality of Landmark University Farm was assessed using deposition fluxes of Trace elements (TEs) in the airshed of the farm. Deposition gauges were employed to collect both dry and wet deposition samples of particulate matter between 2018 and 2019. Elemental compositions of particulates collected during the sampling period were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (ED-XRF). The deposition fluxes of crustal and anthropogenic trace elements were also determined using standard methods. Results showed that in dry season, iron has the highest mean concentration (3283.61 mg/kg), while chromium has the lowest (0.023 mg/kg). On the other hand, in wet season, silicon and nickel have the highest and lowest mean concentrations of 159.34 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg respectively. Although the concentrations of these metals were higher in the dry season than wet season, there was no statistical significant difference between the mean concentrations of the elements measured in each season of the year (p > 0.05). The compositions of some of the elements in the particulate matters were found to be far above the recommended exposure limits prescribed by OSHA. The study concluded that the elemental composition of particulate matter in the airshed of the University Farm adversely impacts the ambient air quality of the Communit

Impact of Trace Gaseous Emission from Fuelwood Species on Ground Level Air Quality

Nigeria’s energy supply in the form of electricity has been erratic and unreliable in recent time that people now depend on their own power generation in order to meet demands. Thus majority of the populace have to depend on traditional fuelwood for cooking without knowing the impacts of air emissions from it. This study estimated the ground-level concentrations of the air pollutants emitted from the fuelwoods using the American Meteorological Society-Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD). The maximum 24 h averaging ground-level concentrations were 6.378–87.319, 1.546–75.164, 0.079–2.759, and 0–0.164 μg/m3, respectively for CO, HC, NO, and SO2. With this all stakeholders will be properly guided on the usage of fuelwood with minimal negative impact

DISPERSION MODELLING OF PARTICULATE EMISSION FROM OFF-GRID DIESEL ENGINE ELECTRIC POWER GENERATORS

Emission inventories and ISC-Aermod dispersion modeling tool were used to investigate the impacts of particulate matter (PM) emission from off-grid electric power generators used by a textile factory on ambient air quality (AAQ) of the immediate and distant environment of the plant. Information on diesel consumption obtained from the factory was combined with emission factor of diesel powered generators to obtain the emission rates of PM. The emission rates, meteorological parameters, terrain grid and output pathways were inputed into the ISC-Aermod dispersion modeling tool to obtain the ground level concentrations (GLC) of PM. The maximum GLCs were compared with AAQ limit of 250 μg/m3 set for PM by Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Environment to establish their impacts. Results showed that worst case scenario (WCS) gave PM concentrations of 1.4 – 17.8 μg/m3 and 0.1 – 6.8 μg/m3 for 1-hr and 24-hrs averaging period respectively. The predicted impact using the WCS showed that the ambient PM of the host air shed changed by 0.1 - 1.2% of FMENV standard. It was concluded that emissions from factory would not significantly affect the ambient PM of the host air shed

GASEOUS EMISSIONS CHARACTERIZATION FROM POTASSIUM NITRATE-BASED ROCKET COMPOSITE PROPELLANT COMBUSTION

This paper reports the gaseous compositions produced from the combustion of a laboratory-synthesized potassium nitrate (KNO3)-based rocket composite propellant. The exhaust emissions produced from the combustion of 10 different propellant formulations were analyzed using an E8500 portable industrial emission analyzer. The concentrations, emission factor, and emission rates of the gaseous pollutants were computed. The measured concentrations were then compared with the stationary source limit by the Federal Ministry of Environment standard (Nigeria) to establish their impact on air quality. The obtained concentrations were as follows: hydrocarbon (HC) ranged from 56 to 290 mg/m3, with an the average concentration of 145.72 ± 20.12 mg/m3; carbon monoxide (CO) ranged from 234 to 2030 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 1177.3 ± 154.2 mg/m3; nitrogen oxides ranged from 19.8 to 53.7 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 33.9 ± 4.18 mg/m3; sulfur dioxide ranged from 8.2 to 156.8 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 25.4 ± 14.67 mg/m3; and hydrogen sulfide ranged from 1 to 6 mg/m3, with an average concentration of 2.44 ± 0.50 mg/m3. The results indicate that HC and CO emissions from the combustion of KNO3-based composite propellant represent a great threat and concern in relation to air quality. Thus, the proper management and control of rocket launches using KNO3-based composite propellants needs to be immediately addressed; otherwise, such emissions could have negative effects on the atmospheric environment of rocket routers

Atmospheric particulate fractions from Nigerian crude oil spillage

Laboratory simulations of the spill behaviors of three different Nigerian crude oil samples over three media (fresh water, sea water and soil) were carried out with a view to determining the effect of crude oil spillage on emission of fine (PM 2.5 ) and inhalable particulates fractions (PM 10 ). The spillage experiments were carried out in an environmental test box fitted with equipment to regulate the micro climatic conditions (temperature and Relative humidity). The maximum concentrations of PM 2.5 were 711, 689 and 680 μgm − 3 while those of PM 10 were 972, 946 and 940 μgm − 3 for sample A, B and C respectively. These peak concentrations were obtained for spill conditions corresponding to fresh water at 45 °C and 49% relative humidity. The least concentrations of PM 2.5 and PM 10 emitted across all samples were 63 μgm − 3 and 256 μgm − 3 respectively and these corresponded to spillage over sea water at 15 °C and 80% relative humidity. These concentrations clearly exceeded the short time averaging period (24 h) standards set for PM 2.5 and PM 10 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Incessant crude oil spillages in the Nigerian oil fields are therefore predicted to cause degradation of air quality within a short duration from the spill

Dispersion Modelling of Air Emission from a Rice Milling Plant

The study investigated the air quality impacts of Rice Mill using the ISC-AERMOD View. Contributions of steam boiler and electric power generators in the mill to ground level concentrations of criteria air emissions were established.The maximum ground level concentrations of air pollutants presently emitted by the steam boiler are 1-hour averaging period concentrations of 1.4 – 177.3 µg/m3 with 24-hour level of 0.3 – 43.5 µg/m3 . Simultaneous operations of the steam boiler and electric power generators give 1-hour averaging period concentrations of 29.7 – 257.8 µg/m3 with 24-hour levels of 8.8 – 95.8 µg/m3 . The simultaneous operations of the steam boiler and the electric power generators add about 0.41 – 84.78% of the respective investigated air pollutants limits to the ambient air quality of the host environment. Occasionally the daily NOX limits from this scenario 2 could breach the ambient limit whenever all the three electric power generators are simultaneously operated with the steam boile