10 research outputs found
Canonical Causal Diagrams to Guide the Treatment of Missing Data in Epidemiological Studies
With incomplete data, the missing at random (MAR) assumption is widely understood to enable unbiased estimation with appropriate methods. The need to assess the plausibility of MAR and to perform sensitivity analyses considering missing not at random (MNAR) scenarios have been emphasized, but the practical difficulty of these tasks is rarely acknowledged. What MAR means with multivariable missingness is difficult to grasp, while in many MNAR scenarios unbiased estimation is possible using methods commonly associated with MAR. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have been proposed as an alternative framework for specifying practically accessible assumptions beyond the MAR-MNAR dichotomy. However, there is currently no general algorithm for deciding how to handle the missing data given a specific DAG. We construct "canonical" DAGs capturing typical missingness mechanisms in epidemiological studies with incomplete exposure, outcome and confounders. For each DAG, we determine whether common target parameters are "recoverable", meaning that they can be expressed as functions of the observed data distribution and thus estimated consistently, or if sensitivity analyses are necessary. We investigate the performance of available case and multiple imputation procedures. Using the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, we illustrate how our findings can guide the treatment of missing data in point-exposure studies
Quality of life in the FOXFIRE, SIRFLOX and FOXFIRE‐global randomised trials of selective internal radiotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer
Avoiding Unnecessary Biopsy: MRI-based Risk Models versus a PI-RADS and PSA Density Strategy for Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer
Canonical Causal Diagrams to Guide the Treatment of Missing Data in Epidemiologic Studies
With incomplete data, the "missing at random" (MAR) assumption is widely understood to enable unbiased estimation with appropriate methods. While the need to assess the plausibility of MAR and to perform sensitivity analyses considering "missing not at random" (MNAR) scenarios has been emphasized, the practical difficulty of these tasks is rarely acknowledged. With multivariable missingness, what MAR means is difficult to grasp, and in many MNAR scenarios unbiased estimation is possible using methods commonly associated with MAR. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have been proposed as an alternative framework for specifying practically accessible assumptions beyond the MAR-MNAR dichotomy. However, there is currently no general algorithm for deciding how to handle the missing data given a specific DAG. Here we construct "canonical" DAGs capturing typical missingness mechanisms in epidemiologic studies with incomplete data on exposure, outcome, and confounding factors. For each DAG, we determine whether common target parameters are "recoverable," meaning that they can be expressed as functions of the available data distribution and thus estimated consistently, or whether sensitivity analyses are necessary. We investigate the performance of available-case and multiple-imputation procedures. Using data from waves 1-3 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (2004-2008), we illustrate how our findings can guide the treatment of missing data in point-exposure studies