41 research outputs found
Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community study [corrected].
BACKGROUND: A serogroup A meningococcal polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT, MenAfriVac) was licensed in India in 2009, and pre-qualified by WHO in 2010, on the basis of its safety and immunogenicity. This vaccine is now being deployed across the African meningitis belt. We studied the effect of PsA-TT on meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad during a serogroup A meningococcal meningitis epidemic. METHODS: We obtained data for the incidence of meningitis before and after vaccination from national records between January, 2009, and June, 2012. In 2012, surveillance was enhanced in regions where vaccination with PsA-TT had been undertaken in 2011, and in one district where a reactive vaccination campaign in response to an outbreak of meningitis was undertaken. Meningococcal carriage was studied in an age-stratified sample of residents aged 1-29 years of a rural area roughly 13-15 and 2-4 months before and 4-6 months after vaccination. Meningococci obtained from cerebrospinal fluid or oropharyngeal swabs were characterised by conventional microbiological and molecular methods. FINDINGS: Roughly 1·8 million individuals aged 1-29 years received one dose of PsA-TT during a vaccination campaign in three regions of Chad in and around the capital N'Djamena during 10 days in December, 2011. The incidence of meningitis during the 2012 meningitis season in these three regions was 2·48 per 100,000 (57 cases in the 2·3 million population), whereas in regions without mass vaccination, incidence was 43·8 per 100,000 (3809 cases per 8·7 million population), a 94% difference in crude incidence (p<0·0001), and an incidence rate ratio of 0·096 (95% CI 0·046-0·198). Despite enhanced surveillance, no case of serogroup A meningococcal meningitis was reported in the three vaccinated regions. 32 serogroup A carriers were identified in 4278 age-stratified individuals (0·75%) living in a rural area near the capital 2-4 months before vaccination, whereas only one serogroup A meningococcus was isolated in 5001 people living in the same community 4-6 months after vaccination (adjusted odds ratio 0·019, 95% CI 0·002-0·138; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: PSA-TT was highly effective at prevention of serogroup A invasive meningococcal disease and carriage in Chad. How long this protection will persist needs to be established. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and Médecins Sans FrontÚres
Fish fauna survey on the Upper Maroni (French Guyana) between 2000 and 2002 with some ecological considerations
This paper presents data collected in the Upper Maroni, French Guiana during 5 field missions from 2000 to 2002. A total of 123 known species, classified into 34 families, was captured. Fish communities sampled vary during the year depending on the season. On a daily cycle, fish composition also clearly varies, with a predominance of Siluriformes and Gymnotiformes during the night. Our results give a historical overview of the fish fauna in Upper Maroni 20 years ago. At this time, threatened fishes were already recorded due to overfishing and in certain areas, habitat alteration (turbidity and pollution)
Vingt Ans de Lutte contre lâOnchocercose : Bilan Ăcologique
Maladie largement rĂ©pandue en Afrique intertropicale lâonchocercose est un flĂ©au, tant social quâĂ©conomique, qui provoque, Ă son stade ultime, une cĂ©citĂ© irrĂ©versible. Avant lâinstauration des premiĂšres mesures de lutte anti-vectorielle, on estimait Ă prĂšs de trois millions le nombre dâonchocerquiens en Afrique occidentale. La maladie est transmise par un petit moucheron DiptĂšre, Simulium damnosum, qui prĂ©sente une phase larvaire et nymphale aquatique. Ce sont les gĂźtes larvaires de ce vecteur, biefs Ă courant rapide des riviĂšres, que le Programme de Lutte contre lâOnchocercose en Afrique de lâOuest (OCP : Onchocerciasis Control Programme) traite lors ses campagnes de lutte. Comme toute lutte insecticide OCP reprĂ©sente une menace importante pour lâenvironnement. Câest pourquoi le programme sâest dotĂ© dâun rĂ©seau de surveillance des Ă©cosystĂšmes aquatiques, couvrant lâensemble de la zone exposĂ©e aux Ă©pandages dâinsecticides. Au total, prĂšs de dix Ă©quipes de chercheurs ichtyologues et entomologistes, de nationalitĂ©s diverses, ont durant vingt ans effectuĂ© une surveillance rĂ©guliĂšre de la faune aquatique susceptible dâĂȘtre atteinte par les traitements larvicides. Câest la premiĂšre fois au monde quâune telle entreprise a Ă©tĂ© mise en place sur une si grande Ă©chelle dâespace et de temps. Sont exposĂ©es ici les conclusions du bilan Ă©cologique.Ă lâĂ©tat naturel, les communautĂ©s dâinvertĂ©brĂ©s aquatiques de la zone sont essentiellement composĂ©es de âcollecteurs moissonneursâ et de âcollecteurs filtreursâ. AprĂšs 20 annĂ©es dâĂ©pandages insecticides, la tendance gĂ©nĂ©rale montre que les populations de âcollecteursâ sont toujours affectĂ©es par les traitements larvicides, mais que le stress est diffĂ©rent en fonction des insecticides employĂ©s. AprĂšs arrĂȘt des traitements insecticides, il y a de façon gĂ©nĂ©rale un retour Ă une structure communautaire sensiblement identique Ă celle observĂ©e avant les premiers Ă©pandages.Lâensemble des paramĂštres Ă©tudiĂ©s, quâils concernent la richesse et la structure des communautĂ©s de poissons ou la biologie des espĂšces ne montrent pas dâeffets dĂ©celables de vingt annĂ©es dâĂ©pandages dans les riviĂšres traitĂ©es. En revanche, les variations observĂ©es montrent que des facteurs dâorigine naturelle (hydrologie, saisonsâŠ) ou anthropique (barrages), peuvent avoir une influence particuliĂšre sur les peuplements de poissons. Ces facteurs semblent avoir une pression dâautant plus importante quâils se produisent en synergie. Dans un souci dâĂ©conomie, mais aussi dâun point de vue Ă©thique, vis-Ă -vis de lâenvironnement, OCP limite ses Ă©pandages dâinsecticides aux seuls gĂźtes productifs en larves de S. damnosum. De ce fait, par rapport aux milliers de kilomĂštres de riviĂšres qui auraient pu thĂ©oriquement ĂȘtre traitĂ©es, beaucoup ne le furent que rarement, voire parfois jamais. Ainsi subsistent de vastes zones refuges qui peuvent servir de rĂ©servoir potentiel et permettent en cas dâarrĂȘt des traitements une recolonisation des biefs par la faune.La conclusion gĂ©nĂ©rale rassurante du suivi de 20 annĂ©es de surveillance Ă©cologique de la faune non-cible est quâil nây a jamais eu dâeffets drastiques du fait des larvicides employĂ©s mĂȘme lorsque les peuplements, notamment les invertĂ©brĂ©s, ont subi des cycles de traitements longs et-ou dâassez forte toxicitĂ©. Il faut, Ă cet Ă©gard, tenir compte de lâattention particuliĂšre qui a Ă©tĂ© accordĂ©e, par les instances opĂ©rationnelles dâOCP, aux recommandations du Groupe Ăcologique, mĂȘme si ce suivi scrupuleux a pu, parfois, limiter lâefficacitĂ© de la lutte proprement dite contre les simulies