U-Pick – Are Agritourism Workers Exempt From the Wage and Hour Protections of the Fair Labor Standards Act?

Pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA” or “the Act”), employer must pay workers at least the minimum wage and overtime pay for all hours worked in excess of forty hours in a standard workweek, unless the worker fits within one of the law’s exemptions. The FLSA contains a complete exemption for agricultural workers from the overtime pay provision and a partial exemption from the minimum wage provision. The exemptions from the minimum wage and overtime pay are not the only exemptions in the FLSA for agriculture, but they are the focus of this Article and are referred to herein as “FLSA’s agricultural exemptions.” Although the complete exemption has been modified in the years since the passage of the FLSA, farm workers still do not enjoy the full wage and hour protections of the FLSA

Purification and properties of a plant Agglutinin

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston UniversityThis study involved work with extracts of the seeds of Bauhinia purpurea alba, in which an N specific lectin was found by Mäkelä (37) and Boyd and McMaster (16). There were two main purposes in mind. First, to see if the lectin could be of practical use as a typing sera; and secondly, to get some insight into its chemical make-up. After working out a purification method and a method for checking the agglutinating power of the lectin, the lectin was tested against several small samples. The writer then tested this lectin against 90 random blood samples. The lectin disagreed with rabbit anti-N in one case -- the lectin typed one MN as an M. There is as yet no known reason for this difference, so it would seem that one could not use the lectin as a typing sera at the present time. The lectin was treated with formaldehyde and lost all its activity as a result. Erythrocytes were treated with an enzyme, ficin, and were then reacted with the lectin. The results showed an increase in the titer of the lectin, and the specificity of the lectin was lost. The freezing of a sample of the lectin for four months resulted in the loss of some of its activity. It remained specific, however. Upon dialyzing the crude extract against saline or water, the substances (Y) that remained behind in the membrane became nonspecific. This showed that there were at least two parts to the extract, one of large molecular weight because it would not pass through the membrane, and the other smaller in size because it would pass through the membrane. The substance that passed through the membrane was called X. By dialyzing the crude extract against distilled water and lyophilizing the distilled water, a substance was found which gave the reaction of a sugar and also seemed to have either or both glucosamine and galactosamine present. Since X showed the presence of reducing sugars and could be shown to inhibit Y against the M site on erythrocytes (see Table 7), it was thought that some sugars should be tested against Y to see if any of them would be able to inhibit Y. The same sugars were also tested against the lectin (Table 5). It was found that none of the sugars had any effect on the lectin; but raffinose, melibiose, and galactose all were found to inhibit Y (Table 8). It has also been shown by other workers (13) that lactose will inhibit Y. The inhibition of the sugars against lectin and Y were run in three ways. The first was the usual inhibition method where the inhibiting substance (sugar, in this case) is placed with the substance to be inhibited (Y) and incubated for one hour. Then the appropriate erythrocyte was added. The second method was to place erythrocytes, Y, and sugar all in the same tube at the same time. The third was to incubate sugar and erythrocytes together and then add Y. The results are given in Table 9. It was found by the writer that Method 2 was the best. This agrees with Krüpe as cited in Mäkelä (37) who states that if an appropriate sugar is added to erythrocytes that are agglutinated by a lectin, the lectin will leave the erythrocytes and pick up the sugar. This is shown by the breaking up of the clumps of erythrocytes. The sugars that would inhibit Y were tried against adsorbed rabbit sera, both anti-M and N. The sugars showed no effect against the rabbit sera. The writer feels that the lectin may not be as specific as the rabbit sera; thus, these inhibiting sugars may only be closely related to the true configuration of the M site

Persistence pays off: Sir Charles Oatley and the scanning electron microscope

Shortly after World War II, Sir Charles Oatley initiated research at the Cambridge University engineering laboratories on what has evolved into the modern scanning electron microscope. While much of the research was actually conducted by research students under Oatley's supervision, he continually provided ideas, resources, and encouragement. He then was instrumental in having this instrument commercialized. His students often continued in the field for some time, making contributions both to the instrument and to its applications that led to improved performance and wider acceptance. This article attempts to capture some of the accomplishments of Sir Charles Oatley as seen by those who worked closely with him. The author believes that Sir Charles deserves the title: "Father of the Modern Scanning Electron Microscope.

The evolution of comet orbits

The origin of comets and the evolution of their orbits are discussed. Factors considered include: the law of survival of comets against ejection on hyperbolic orbits; short-period comets are not created by single close encounters of near-parabolic comets with Jupiter; observable long-period comets do not evolve into observable short-period comets; unobservable long-period comets with perihelia near Jupiter can evolve into observable short-period comets; long-period comets cannot have been formed or created within the planetary region of the solar system (excluding the effects of stellar perturbations); it is possible that some of the short-period comets could have been formed inside the orbit of Neptune; circularly-restricted three-body problem, and its associated Jacobi integral, are not valid approximations to use in studying origin and evolution of comets

Management of oil windfalls in Mexico : historical experience and policy options for the future

The macroeconomic impact of commodity windfalls has provided fertile ground for research since the 1970s. Particularly affected are developing countries that rely heavily on commodity exports. in the case of oil windfalls, cross-country experience is vast: Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Nigeria, the Russian Federation, and Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela have all been buffered by such windfalls. The authors investigate Mexico's experience. They provide an overview of oil's impact on the Mexican economy and of the management of oil rents engineered by the government from the 1970s to date. A third of government revenues come from the hydrocarbon sector--especially oil exports. The reliance of public finance on a single commodity means that shocks threaten the economy's fiscal balance and stability. Policy options for protecting the economy from volatility in oil revenues without eliminating the benefits from rising prices include a stabilization fund and hedging strategies on international markets, which the authors discuss. The stabilization fund smoooths consumption and reduces the costs associated volatile spending. The fund and hedging strategies can complement each other--the fund working as the main recipient of revenues, and the hedging strategies managing short-lived movements in prices. This joint strategy would also reduce the size of the fund and the probability of its going bankrupt.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Payment Systems&Infrastructure,Financial Intermediation,Labor Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Energy Demand,Oil Refining&Gas Industry,Energy and Environment