5 research outputs found
Gender segregation in the labour market : root causes, implications and policy responses in the EU
The aim of this report is to analyse employment segregation for women and men in the European labour market
at both the sectoral and occupational levels. It provides a
comparative analysis of trends in segregation across the
27 EU Member States, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein,
and examines the root causes of the phenomenon, the consequences, and current and desirable policy responses.
Gender-based employment segregation is so pervasive
that distinctions have multiplied in order to facilitate
analysis: occupational versus sectoral segregation, overall or horizontal versus vertical segregation, vertical versus hierarchical segregation. Horizontal segregation is
understood as under- (over-) representation of a given
group in occupations or sectors, not ordered by any criterion, and is often referred to as segregation tout court.
Vertical segregation denotes the under- (over-) representation of the group in occupations or sectors at the top
of an ordering based on âdesirableâ attributes â income,
prestige, job stability, etc. Finally, hierarchical segregation stands for under- (over-) representation of the group
at the top of occupation-specific ladders. All forms of
gender-based segregation are considered in this report,
although overall and vertical segregation in occupations
receive closest attention.
The first part of the report examines levels and change
in overall segregation in European countries (Chapter 1).
It goes on to review the most important factors that impinge on segregation (Chapter 2) and to assess three
main implications, namely undervaluation of womenâs
work, confinement in âlow qualityâ jobs, and skill shortages (Chapter 3). Policies are reviewed and assessed in
Chapter 4. The second part of the report summarises
the highlights from case-study research conducted at
national level on 10 occupational groups, the evidence
from this research being used as a reference throughout
the report.peer-reviewe
The provision of childcare services : a comparative review of 30 European countries
In recent decades, childcare services have become a matter of serious public concern. Affordable and good-quality
childcare services may improve the reconciliation of work
and family life and thus foster labour market participation
and gender equality. Childcare facilities may also provide
an important answer to declining fertility rates, by lowering the cost of childbearing in terms of labour market and
career opportunities. Finally there is a growing tendency
to see childcare services from a social pedagogical perspective. In this perspective the main policy rationale is no
longer the reconciliation of work and care, but rather the
contribution of childcare services to child development and
socioeconomic integration. The importance of providing
childcare services has also been recognised at the EU level.
At the Barcelona Summit in 2002, some explicit conclusions
and targets were defined with regard to the provision of
childcare services. Confirming the goal of full employment,
the European Council agreed that Member States should
remove disincentives to female participation in the labour
market and strive to provide childcare by 2010 to at least
90 % of children between 3 years old and the mandatory
school age and at least 33 % of children under 3 years of
age. The importance of these targets has been reaffirmed as
recently as 2008 in the employment guidelines (2008â10)
adopted by the Council.peer-reviewe
Explaining Gender Gaps in Legislative Committees
Legislative committees are often the epicenter of parliamentary influence, so their composition matters. Men are widely overrepresented in prestigious, influential committees, with women concentrated in low-status committees. These gender gaps have repercussions for power, visibility, careers, and policy outcomes. Yet the puzzle of why committees are gendered remains unsolved. Combining insights from quantitative and qualitative methods, we offer two major advances. We develop the literature on committee allocations, providing the first comprehensive gendered analysis. And we show how gender permeates all aspects of political careers from socialization to the political summit, leading to deep-rooted inequalities of power, influence, and opportunity
Gender segregation in the labour market : root causes, implications and policy responses in the EU
The aim of this report is to analyse employment segregation for women and men in the European labour market
at both the sectoral and occupational levels. It provides a
comparative analysis of trends in segregation across the
27 EU Member States, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein,
and examines the root causes of the phenomenon, the consequences, and current and desirable policy responses.
Gender-based employment segregation is so pervasive
that distinctions have multiplied in order to facilitate
analysis: occupational versus sectoral segregation, overall or horizontal versus vertical segregation, vertical versus hierarchical segregation. Horizontal segregation is
understood as under- (over-) representation of a given
group in occupations or sectors, not ordered by any criterion, and is often referred to as segregation tout court.
Vertical segregation denotes the under- (over-) representation of the group in occupations or sectors at the top
of an ordering based on âdesirableâ attributes â income,
prestige, job stability, etc. Finally, hierarchical segregation stands for under- (over-) representation of the group
at the top of occupation-specific ladders. All forms of
gender-based segregation are considered in this report,
although overall and vertical segregation in occupations
receive closest attention.
The first part of the report examines levels and change
in overall segregation in European countries (Chapter 1).
It goes on to review the most important factors that impinge on segregation (Chapter 2) and to assess three
main implications, namely undervaluation of womenâs
work, confinement in âlow qualityâ jobs, and skill shortages (Chapter 3). Policies are reviewed and assessed in
Chapter 4. The second part of the report summarises
the highlights from case-study research conducted at
national level on 10 occupational groups, the evidence
from this research being used as a reference throughout
the report.peer-reviewe