Skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) by sex, age and body mass index (BMI).

<p>Skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) by sex, age and body mass index (BMI).</p

Odds ratios of presence of metabolic risk components by skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) and body mass index (BMI).

<p>Odds ratios of presence of metabolic risk components by skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) and body mass index (BMI).</p

Skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) across body mass index (BMI) z-score quintiles.

<p>Skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) across body mass index (BMI) z-score quintiles.</p

Percentile curves of skeletal muscle mass.

<p>Curves of the 5^th, 25^th, 50^th, 75^th, 85^th, and 95^th percentiles for fat mass index (FM index), fat-free mass index (FFM index), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), skeletal muscle index (SMI), %SMM, and skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) by sex and age.</p

The Development of Infants’ Sensitivity to Behavioral Intentions when Inferring Others’ Social Preferences

<div><p>The present study investigated whether infants reason about others’ social preferences based on the intentions of others’ interactive actions. In Experiment 1, 12-month-old infants were familiarized with an event in which an agent either successfully helped a circle to climb up a hill (successful-helping condition) or failed to help the circle to achieve its goal (failed-helping condition). During the test, the infants saw the circle approach either the helper (approach-helper event) or the hinderer (approach-hinderer event). In the successful-helping condition, the 12-month-old infants looked for longer at the approach-hinderer event than at the approach-helper event, but in the failed-helping condition, looking times were about equal for the two test events. These results suggest that 12-month-old infants could not infer the circle’s preference when the helper’s action did not lead to its intended outcome. In Experiment 2, 16-month-olds were tested in the failed-helping condition; they looked longer at the approach-hinderer event than at the approach-helper event, which suggests that they could reason about the third party’s social preferences based on the exhibited intentions. In Experiment 3, 12-month-olds were familiarized with events in which the final outcomes of helping and hindering actions were ambiguous. The results revealed that 12-month-old infants are also sensitive to intentions when inferring other’s social preferences. The results suggest that by 12-months of age, infants expect an agent to prefer and approach another who intends to help the circle to achieve its goal, regardless of the outcome. The current research has implications for moral reasoning and social evaluation in infancy.</p></div

Histogram of skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) for all 1919 study subjects.

<p>Histogram of skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) for all 1919 study subjects.</p

Example of the familiarization trials in Experiment 3.

<p>Example of the familiarization trials in Experiment 3.</p

Example of familiarization trials in the successful-helping and the failed-helping conditions.

<p>Example of familiarization trials in the successful-helping and the failed-helping conditions.</p

Example of the pre-test display trial and test trials for infants who saw the square help the circle and the triangle hinder the circle during the familiarization trials.

<p>Example of the pre-test display trial and test trials for infants who saw the square help the circle and the triangle hinder the circle during the familiarization trials.</p

Infants’ mean looking times for the approach-helper and approach-hinderer events in Experiments 1 and 2.

<p>Infants’ mean looking times for the approach-helper and approach-hinderer events in Experiments 1 and 2.</p