Glioblastoma Multiformede Friedelinin Antikanser Aktivitesinin In Vitro İncelenmesi

Pek çok kanser hastalığında destek için kullanılan farklı bitkisel yöntemler vardır. Likenler benzersiz bitkisel bileşikler içeren önemli organizmalardır ve farklı antikanser aktivitelerine sahip oldukları bilinmektedir. Bu özelliklerden yola çıkarak, mevcut çalışma, beyin kanseri türleri içerisinde tehlikeli habis özellikler gösteren glioblastoma multiformeye (GBM) karşı bir liken bileşiği olan friedelinin (FRI) antikanser aktivitesini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. FRI'nın yan etki düzeyini belirlemek için insan U87MGGBM kanser hücre hatları ve Sprague-Dawley sıçanlarından izole edilen primer sıçan serebral korteks (PSSK) kanserli olmayan hücreler kullanılmıştır. Denemelerde, FRI'nın farklı konsantrasyonlarının sitotoksik (3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromür (MTT) ve laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) testleri ile), antioksidan (toplam antioksidan kapasite (TAK) testi ile), pro-oksidan (toplam oksidatif stres (TOS) ile) ve genotoksik (8-hidroksi-2′-deoksiguanozin (8-OH-dG) testi ile) aktiviteleri test edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda MTT uygulaması, FRI'nın PSSK hücrelerine kıyasla U87MG hücreleri üzerinde daha yüksek sitotoksik aktivite gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur (sırasıyla medyan inhibitör konsantrasyonu (IC50): 1271.77 ve 46.38 mg/L). U87MG hücreleri temel alındığında, LDH ve TOS aktiviteleri arasında anlamlı bir pozitif korelasyon olduğu saptanmıştır. Sağlıklı PSSK hücrelerinde, TAK ve hücre canlılığı arasındaki yüksek pozitif korelasyon FRI'nın antioksidan kapasitesini sergilemiştir. Sonuç olarak, mevcut çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, GBM'ye karşı antikanser bileşiği kaynağı olarak antioksidan kapasiteye sahip doğal ürün potansiyelini ortaya koymuştur.There are different herbal methods used for support in many cancer diseases. Lichens are important organisms containing unique herbal compounds and it is known that they have different anticancer activities. Starting from these features, the present study was aimed to investigate anticancer activity of friedelin (FRI), a lichen compound against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) showed dangerous malignant properties within brain cancer species. It was used human U87MG-GBM cancer cell lines and primary rat cerebral cortex (PRCC) non-cancerous cells isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats in order to determine side effect level of FRI. In the experiments, cytotoxic (via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests), antioxidant (via total antioxidant capacity (TAC) test), pro-oxidant (via total oxidative stress (TOS) test) and genotoxic (via 8- hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) test) activities of different concentrations of FRI were tested. As a result of the study, MTT assay revealed that FRI showed higher cytotoxic activity on U87MG cells compared to PRCC cells (median inhibitory concentration (IC50): 46.38 and 1271.77 mg/L, respectively). Based on U87MG cells, it was determined a significant positive correlation between LDH and TOS activities. High positive correlation between TAC and cell viability on healthy PRCC cells exhibited antioxidant capacity of FRI. Consequently, the results obtained from the present study proved the potential of natural product with an antioxidant capacity as a source for anticancer compound against GBM

Insecticidal Effect of the Extracts of Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. and Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale AgainstAdults of the Grain Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Four different concentrations of extracts, obtained from the two lichen species (Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. and Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale), were tested against the grain weevil, Sitophilus granaries (L.) under laboratory conditions. Mortality rate of adults was determined at 24, 48, and 96 h. Obtained results showed that the extracts of C. foliacea and F. caperata had insecticidal effects on the adults of S. granarius in comparison with control. The insecticidal effect was influenced by the concentration of the extract and the exposure time. Higher concentrations and longer exposure time resulted to highest toxicity levels on S. granarius. Mortality rates after 96 h of treatment with highest concentration (20 mg.ml-1) of the extracts of F. caperata and C. foliacea were determined as 91 and 83%, respectively. Bioassay revealed that 96 h LC50 values were 0.107 and 0.354 mg.ml-1, respectively. The results suggest that lichen compounds could be useful as alternatives of pesticides

Insecticidal Effect of Usnea longissima (Parmeliaceae) Extract against Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Two secondary metabolites (diffractaic acid & usnic acid) and extract of a lichen species, Usnea longissima Ach. were tested against adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.) on Petri dishes. After exposure, mortality of the adults was determined at 24th, 48th and 96th h. The results showed that secondary metabolites and extract of U. longissima have an insecticidal effect on adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.) in comparison with controls. The insecticidal effect was influenced by the concentrations of the extracts and the exposure time. Higher concentrations and longer exposure time resulted in maximum toxicity on S. granarius. Treatment with extract and lichen compounds of U. longissima pointed out equal mortality against adults of S. granarius. The mortality rates after 96 h of treatment with the maximum concentration (10 mg mL-1) of U. longissima extract, diffractaic acid and usnic acid were determined as 98.98, 91.91 and 94.94% for S. granarius, respectively. However, there was no mortality in the controls. The mortality rates after 96 h of treatment with the 10 mg mL-1 in concentrations of the extract of U. longissima were established and the highest mortality rate was found against S. granarius with 98.98%

Insecticidal Activity of Lichens against the Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Extracts of Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue and Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. lichen species and two major lichen compounds (diffractaic and usnic acids), isolated from Usnea longissima Ach., were tested against adults of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky under laboratory conditions at various concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg.ml-1 for extracts and 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg.ml-1 for major compounds) and at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h period. Results showed that both the extracts and the secondary metabolites of U. longissima had significant insecticidal effects on adults of S. zeamais. Mortality rate was the highest at 96 h period at the treatment of maximum concentration of extracts (20 mg.ml -1) and compounds (10 mg.ml-1). The mortality rates attained 96.97, 95.96, 96.97 and 76.77% for L. vulpine, P. rufescens, diffractaic and usnic acids, respectively. No mortality was found in the control. The present results suggest that the lichen extracts and the secondary metabolites can provide a good potential for the control of S. zeamais adults

Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils of Nine Plant Species from Asteraceae and Clusiaceae against Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Essential oils obtained from nine different plant species (Achillea coarctata Poir., Achillea gypsicola Hub.-Mor., Artemisia dracunculus L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Helichrysum plicatum Dc., Tanacetum agrophyllum (L.), Taraxacum officinale (L.) (Asteraceae), Hypericum scabrum L. and Hypericum perforatum L. (Clusiaceae)) were tested against adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Results clarified that essential oils of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, T. agrophyllum, H. scabrum and H. perforatum had highest insecticidal effects on S. granarius adults, compared with the control. Mortality rate of S. granarius adults increased significantly (p<0.01), as the dosage level and/or exposure time increased. Treatments with the essential oils of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. dracunculus, T. agrophyllum, H. scabrum and H. perforatum showed high levels of mortalities in S. granarius adults, when they were applied at the higher tested concentrations (10 & 20 µl) at all post treatment periods or at a moderate concentration (5µl) with a long exposure period (48 or 96 h). The essential oils of A. vulgaris, H. plicatum and T. officinale had either very low or no effects. Mortality percentages of S. granarius adults, after 96 h of exposure at the maximum dose (20 µl essential oil) of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. dracunculus, H. scabrum, H. perforatum, T. agrophyllum, H. plicatum A. vulgaris and T. officinale attained 100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 98.99, 83.84, 23.23, and 18.18%, respectively. No mortality was recorded in the control. After 96 h of treatment, highest levels of mortalities (95.96 %) were recorded at the dose of 1 µl essential oil of H. perforatum. They were (84-100 %) at the dose of 5µl of the essential oils of A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. dracunculus, T. agrophyllum and H. perforatum, (93.94 %) at the dose of 10 µl for H. scabrum and (83.84 %) at the dose of 20 µl for H. plicatum

Liken sekonder metabolitlerinin deneysel beyin tümör modeli üzerine potansiyel etkilerinin ın vıtro yöntemlerle araştırılması

TEZ 574/EMSlKaynakça: 106-132 ss.Beyin kanser türleri içerisinde en sık karşılaşılan ve en tehlikeli malign seyir gösteren glioblastoma multiforme ile tedavi sürecinde yararlanılan cerrahi, radyoterapi ve kemoterapi yöntemlerinin kifayetsiz kalması ve yan etkilerinin fazla boyutta olması bitkisel kaynaklı ürünlerin tedavi sürecinde kullanılmasını ön plana çıkarmıştır. Tez çalışması kapsamında, doğada yalnızca likenlere has olan liken sekonder metabolitlerden diffraktaik asit (DA), fisodik asit (FA), lobarik asit (LA), olivetorik asit (OA), psoromik asit (PA) ve usnik asit (UA)'in farklı konsantrasyonlarının insan U87MG glioblastoma hücreleri üzerindeki antitümorojenik aktivite potansiyellerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, primer sıçan serebral korteks (PSSK) hücreleri üzerinde de araştırmalar gerçekleştirilmek suretiyle, liken sekonder metabolitlerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak sağlıklı ve kanserli beyin hücreleri üzerindeki etkileri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Test edilen metabolitlerin sitotoksik etkileri 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromür (MTT) ve laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) analizleri ile tespit edilmiştir. Hücre kültürlerinde oksidatif etkilerin değerlendirilmesinde toplam antioksidan kapasite (TAK) ve toplam oksidan durum (TOD) parametreleri kullanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda, liken sekonder metabolitlerinin sağlıklı ve kanserli beyin hücreleri üzerindeki oksidatif DNA hasar düzeyleri, 8-hidroksi-2'-deoksiguanozin (8-OH-dG) seviyeleri değerlendirilerek incelenmiştir. Hesaplanan medyan inhibitör konsantrasyonu (IC50) değerlerine göre, PSSK hücreleri için metabolitlerin sıralaması LA < PA < DA < OA < UA < FA şeklinde, U87MG hücreleri için LA < OA < DA < UA < PA < FA şeklinde olmuştur. Metabolitlerin sitotoksik etkilerinin konsantrasyon, LDH aktivite ve oksidatif DNA hasarı ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, yan etkiler de göz önüne alındığında, glioblastoma multiforme tedavisinde başta OA olmak üzere DA ve UA'nın yüksek derecede kullanım potansiyeline sahip olduklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır.Since surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy methods utilized in tretament process with glioblastoma multiforme which is most common and shows the most dangerous malignant course in brain cancer types are inadequate and have too many side effects, the usage of herbal products in the treatment process come into prominence. In this thesis, antitumorigenic activity potentials of different concentrations of diffractaic acid (DA), physodic acid (FA), lobaric acid (LA), olivetoric acid (OA), psoromic acid (PA) and usnic acid (UA) from lichen secondary metabolites which only found in lichens in the nature on human U87MG glioblastoma cells were investigated. In addition, comparative effects of lichen secondary metabolites on healthy and cancerous brain cells were revealed performing the researches on primary rat cerebral cortex (PRCC) cells. Cytotoxic effects of tested metabolites were determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) analyses. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidant status (TOS) parameters were used for evaluation of oxidative effects in the cell cultures. At the same time, oxidative DNA damage levels of lichen secondary metabolites on healthy and cancerous brain cells were investigated by evaluating 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels. According to the calculated median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, secondary metabolites were in the ascending order of LA < PA < DA < OA < UA < FA for PRCC cells and LA < OA < DA < UA < PA < FA for U87MG cells. It was determined that the cytotoxic effects of the metabolites show positive correlation with concentration, LDH activity and oxidative DNA damage. The findings obtained in this study revealed that when the side effects are also taken into consideration, primarily OA and then DA and UA have high potential for use in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme

The antioxidant and antigenotoxic potential of peltigera canina and umbilicaria nylanderiana based on their phenolic profile

WOS:000489127500024The present study aimed to assess the biological effects of methanol and water extracts obtained from Peltigera canina and Umbilicaria nylanderiana on human peripheral lymphocytes. Chromosome aberration and micronucleus tests evaluated genotoxicity levels of the extracts on the cells. In both tests, it was determined that the treatments at concentrations of 1 - 50 mg/L did not significantly increase genotoxicity. When investigating the total oxidative stress (TOS) levels of the cells exposed to the tested extracts, it was revealed that water extracts decreased TOS in the cells. In order to determine the antioxidant capacities of the extracts, DPPH radical scavenging, metal chelating, reducing power activities and besides, total antioxidant capacity in the cells were measured. Concentration-dependent increases were observed for each antioxidant activity. In addition, there were detected the main phenolic compounds in the extracts by an HPLC method. Consequently, it was revealed that lichen-derived extracts are worth investigating as possible antioxidative agents

Insecticidal effects of some lichen species found in Erzurum on colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824)) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Bu çalışmada Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue ve Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. liken türlerinin n-hekzan, dietil eter, aseton ve metanol ekstraktlarından elde edilen liken maddelerinin toplamının patates böceğinin 4. dönem larva ve erginleri üzerindeki insektisit etkileri araştırılmıştır. Uygulamalarda 2,5; 5; 10 ve 20 mg/ml konsantrasyonlarında ekstrakt çözeltileri kullanılmıştır. L. muralis’ten elde edilen ekstrakt çözeltileri, patates böceği larvaları ve erginleri üzerinde %100 ölüme sebep olmamıştır. L. vulpina’dan elde edilen ekstrakt çözeltilerinin 2,5 mg/ml konsantrasyonlu olanı patates böceği larvalarında 72 saat sonunda, 5 mg/ml konsantrasyonlu olanı 48 saat sonunda, 10 ve 20 mg/ml konsantrasyonlu olanları ise 24 saat sonunda %100 ölüme sebep olmuştur. P. rufescens’den elde edilen ekstrakt çözeltilerinin 2,5 mg/ml konsantrasyonlu olanı patates böceği larvalarında 120 saat sonunda, 5 mg/ml konsantrasyonlu olanı 72 saat sonunda, 10 ve 20 mg/ml konsantrasyonlu olanları ise 24 saat sonunda %100 ölüme sebep olmuştur. Patates böceği erginleri üzerinde yapılan denemelerde ise L. vulpina ekstrakt çözeltisinin 2,5 mg/ml’lik konsantrasyonu 96 saat sonra, 5 mg/ml’lik konsantrasyonu 48 saat sonra, 10 ve 20 mg/ml’lik konsantrasyonu ise 24 saat sonra %100 insektisit etki göstermiştir. P. rufescens ekstrakt çözeltisinin 2,5 ve 5 mg/ml konsantrasyonda olanları patates böceği erginleri üzerinde %100 sonuç vermezken, 10 mg/ml’lik çözelti 96 saatin ardından, 20 mg/ml’lik çözelti ise 72 saatin ardından %100 sonuç vermiştir. Tüm bu sonuçlar göz önüne alındığında, patates böceği larvaları ve erginleri üzerinde insektisit aktivitesi test edilen liken türleri içerisinde en etkili olanlarının L. vulpina ve P. rufescens olduğu görülmüştür. Fakat tesir süresi göz önüne alındığında L. vulpina türünün daha kısa sürede etkili olduğu dikkat çekmektedirIn this study, insecticidal effects of total lichen substances obtained from n-haxane, diethyl ether, acetone, and methanol extracts of Lecanora muralis (Schreb.) Rabenh., Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue and Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. lichen species on 4th period larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle were investigated. In applications, 2,5; 5; 10 and 20 mg/ml concentrations of the extract solutions were used. Extract solutions obtained from L. muralis didn’t cause 100% mortality on potato beetle larvae and adults. At the end of 72 hours, extract solution at 2,5 mg/ml concentration obtained from L. vulpina; at the end of 48 hours, extract solution at 5 mg/ml concentration obtained from L. vulpina and at the end of 24 hours, extract solutions at 10 and 20 mg/ml concentration obtained from L. vulpina caused 100% mortality on the potato beetle larvae. At the end of 120 hours, extract solution at 2,5 mg/ml concentration obtained from P. rufescens; at the end of 72 hours, extract solution at 5 mg/ml concentration obtained from P. rufescens and at the end of 24 hours, extract solutions at 10 and 20 mg/ml concentration obtained from P. rufescens caused 100% mortality on the potato beetle larvae. In experimentation performed on potato beetle adults, it was determined extract solution at 2,5 mg/ml concentration obtained from L. vulpina at the end of 96 hours, extract solution at 5 mg/ml concentration obtained from L. vulpina at the end of 48 hours, extract solutions at 10 and 20 mg/ml concentration obtained from L. vulpina at the end of 24 hours showed 100% insecticidal effect. Although extract solutions at 2,5 and 5 mg/ml concentration obtained from P. rufescens didn’t show 100% insecticidal effect on the potato beetle adults solution at 10 mg/ml concentration after 96 hours, 20 mg/ml concentration after 72 hours showed 100% insecticidal effect on the potato beetle adults. When all these results were considered, it was determined that the most influential species within lichen species tested insecticidal activity on larvae and adults of Colorado potato beetle were L. vulpina ve P. rufescens. But if exposure time was considered, it pointed out L. vulpina lichen species was effective in a shorter time period

Activities of two edible macrofungi, Coprinus comatus and Leucoagaricus leucothites in human lymphocytes: cytogenetic and biochemical study

WOS:000469749600001This work aimed to evaluate the biological effects of two wild edible fungal species, Coprinus comatus (O.F. Mull.) Pers. and Leucoagaricus leucothites (Vittad.) Wasser in human lymphocytes. Different concentrations (1-100 mg/L) of aqueous and methanol extracts from C. comatus and L. leucothites were added to cultured human lymphocytes. Genetic damage in the cells was determined with chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) assays, and the changes in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) in the cells were monitored. Concentration-dependent TAC increase was measured in the cells exposed to different concentrations of the extracts. It was observed that the treatments with concentrations of 25-100 mg/L of the extracts statistically (p 0.05) increase the CA and MN frequency in the lymphocytes. Furthermore, no negative effects of the extracts on cell proliferation were observed. Overall, the obtained data indicate that the extracts obtained from C. comatus and L. leucothites could be useful in the development of functional food and raw materials for medical preparations.Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Scientific Research Projects Commission [13-YL-17]This work was supported by Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Scientific Research Projects Commission [grant number 13-YL-17]

Likenlerin doğal insektisit olarak kullanımı

Agriculture has become one ofthe greatest sources of employment for mankind from the past to the present. Theproducts obtained in this area provide a significant contribution to thenational economies. However, the number oforganisms causing the decline in crop yield is quite high. The preferred applications forcombating harmful organisms are the use of chemical insecticides. However, the high level of sideeffects of these insecticides led researchers to alternative study areas. Insecticide production throughnatural products that is under the title of biological struggle, is withinpopular areas. Lichens are also materials for natural insecticide sources dueto their unique constituents in the constructions. For many years, the toxiceffects of lichens utilized in many fields ondifferent insect species have been tested through their extracts and purecomponents. At this point, it is noteworthy that while high yield is obtainedfrom lichens, the studies are predominantly carried out on the extracts.In thelight of all these studies, it will be contributed to biological insecticideproduction stage by increasing of the studies performed on determination of theactive components in lichens showing insecticidal activity on different speciesand on mechanisms of action in insects.Tarım, geçmişten günümüze kadar insanoğlu için en büyük istihdam kaynaklarından biri olmuştur. Bu alanda elde edilen ürünler ülke ekonomilerine önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, ürün veriminde düşüşlere sebep olan organizma sayısı bir hayli fazladır. Zararlı organizmalar ile mücadele konusunda tercih edilen uygulamaların başında kimyasal insektisit kullanımı gelmektedir. Fakat bu insektisitlerin yan etkilerinin yüksek düzeyde olması araştırmacıları alternatif çalışma konularına yönlendirmiştir. Biyolojik mücadele başlığı altında ele alınan, doğal ürünler aracılığı ile insektisit üretimi popüler alanlar içerisinde yer almaktadır. Likenler de yapılarında bulunan kendilerine özgü bileşenleri sayesinde doğal insektisit kaynaklarına malzeme olmaktadır. Yıllardır birçok alanda yararlanılan likenlerin gerek ekstraktları gerekse saf bileşenleri aracılığı ile farklı böcek türleri üzerinde toksik etkileri test edilmektedir. Bu noktada, likenlerden yüksek oranda verim elde edilmekle beraber çalışmaların ağırlıklı olarak ekstraktlar üzerinde gerçekleştirildiği dikkat çekmektedir. Tüm bu çalışmalar ışığında, farklı türler üzerinde insektisit aktivite gösteren likenlerdeki aktif bileşenlerin ve böceklerdeki etki mekanizmalarının tespiti üzerine gerçekleştirilecek çalışmaların artırılması ile biyolojik insektisit üretim basamağına katkı sağlanacaktır