Additional file 1 of Nut consumption is associated with a shift of the NMR lipoprotein subfraction profile to a less atherogenic pattern among older individuals at high CVD risk

Additional file 1: Table S1. Lipoprotein particle parameters at baseline by tertiles of energy-adjusted nut consumption in a subcohort of the PREDIMED-Reus trial. Table S2. Apolipoproteins, small molecule metabolites, and markers of diabetes risk at baseline by tertiles of baseline energy-adjusted nut consumption at baseline in a subcohort of the PREDIMED-Reus trial

Changes in adhesion molecule expression in circulating T- lymphocytes and monocytes.

<p>Data analyzed by repeated-measures 2-factor ANOVA (simple-effect analysis by Bonferroni’s multiple contrast).</p>1<p>Values are mean ± SD.</p>2<p>Mean differences (95% CI).</p>3<p>P: Significant differences (P<0.05) between before and after the intervention.</p>4<p>Pint: comparison between measures obtained before and after intervention and among the 3 diet groups, P<0.05.</p>a<p>MD+EVOO or MD+nuts vs. low fat-diet and ^bMD+EVOO vs. MD+nuts are significantly different, P<0.05. EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; MD+EVOO, Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil; MD+Nuts, Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts.</p

Changes in adiposity, blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors.

<p>Data analyzed by repeated-measures 2-factor ANOVA (simple-effect analysis by Bonferroni’s multiple contrast).</p>1<p>Values are mean ± SD.</p>2<p>Mean differences (95% CI).</p>3<p>P: Significant differences (P<0.05) between before and after the intervention.</p>4<p>Pint: comparison between measures obtained before and after intervention and among the 3 diet groups, P<0.05.</p>a<p>MD+EVOO or MD+nuts vs. low fat-diet are significantly different, P<0.05. EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; MD+EVOO, Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil; MD+Nuts, Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts. BMI, body mass index.</p

Changes in the expression of circulating markers of plaque instability and other inflammatory biomarkers.

<p>Data analyzed by repeated-measures 2-factor ANOVA (simple-effect analysis by Bonferroni’s multiple contrast).</p>1<p>Values are mean ± SD.</p>2<p>Mean differences (95% CI).</p>3<p>P: Significant differences (P<0.05) between before and after the intervention.</p>4<p>Pint: comparison between measures obtained before and after intervention and among the 3 diet groups, P<0.05.</p>a<p>MD+EVOO or MD+nuts vs. low fat-diet are significantly different, P<0.05.</p>b<p>All the groups differed, P<0.05. EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; MD+EVOO, Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil; MD+Nuts, Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts.</p

Flowchart of study participants.

<p>The diagram includes detailed information on the excluded participants. Abbreviations: MD, Mediterranean diet.</p

Novel Multimetabolite Prediction of Walnut Consumption by a Urinary Biomarker Model in a Free-Living Population: the PREDIMED Study

The beneficial impact of walnuts on human health has been attributed to their unique chemical composition. In order to characterize the dietary walnut fingerprinting, spot urine samples from two sets of 195 (training) and 186 (validation) individuals were analyzed by an HPLC-q-ToF-MS untargeted metabolomics approach, selecting the most discriminating metabolites by multivariate data analysis (VIP ≥ 1.5). Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to design a multimetabolite prediction biomarker model. The global performance of the model and each included metabolite in it was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves, using the area under the curve (AUC) values. Dietary exposure to walnuts was characterized by 18 metabolites, including markers of fatty acid metabolism, ellagitannin-derived microbial compounds, and intermediate metabolites of the tryptophan/serotonin pathway. The predictive model of walnut exposure included at least one compound of each class. The AUC (95% CI) for the combined biomarker model was 93.4% (90.1–96.8%) in the training set and 90.2% (85.9–94.6%) in the validation set. The AUCs for individual metabolites were ≤85%. As far as we know, this is the first study proposing a combination of biomarkers of walnut exposure in a population under free-living conditions, as considered in epidemiological studies examining associations between diet and health outcomes

Trial flow-chart.

<p>Flow of patients through the present study involving three recruitment centres of the PREDIMED trial (Barcelona North, Reus, and Pamplona). FA indicates fatty acid; MD, Mediterranean diet; VOO, virgin olive oil.</p

Plasma fatty acid levels at baseline and 1-year changes according to the intervention groups.^A

<p>MetS, Metabolic Syndrome; MA, myristic acid; PA, palmitic acid; MGA, margaric acid; SA, stearic acid; POA, palmitoleic acid; OA, oleic acid; LA, linoleic acid; GLA, <i>γ</i>-linolenic acid; DGLA, dihommo-γ-linoleic acid; AA, arachidonic acid; ALA, <i>α</i>-linolenic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.</p><p>Values in the same row (Change) with different superscript letters (a,b) are significantly different (<i>p</i><0.05 by Duncan test).</p>A<p>Values are expressed as geometric mean (% of total fatty acids) ± SD.</p>B<p><i>p</i> for within-group differences from baseline by paired <i>t</i> test.</p>C<p><i>p</i> for between-group differences from baseline by one-factor ANOVA.</p

Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1-year MetS incidence and reversion, and MetS prevalence.

<p>Odds ratios at baseline and 1 year by quartiles of 1-year changes in plasma levels of oleic and α-linolenic acids are shown in the left and right panels, respectively. The lowest quartile was chosen as the reference for the odds ratio calculations. Different superscript letters indicate significantly different 1-year prevalence changes between quartiles (<i>p</i><0.05 by logistic regression model), while an * indicates a significant 1-year prevalence change within each quartile (<i>p</i><0.05 by McNemar's test).</p

Baseline characteristics of participants completing 1-year intervention.^A

<p>MetS, Metabolic Syndrome; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; WC, waist circumference; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP, blood pressure.</p>A<p>Values are expressed as mean ± SD or percentage of participants.</p>B<p><i>p</i> value for comparison between groups calculated by one-factor ANOVA for continuous variables or χ² test for categorical variables.</p>C<p>BMI≥25 kg/m².</p>D<p>Systolic BP≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP≥90 mmHg or antihypertensive medication.</p>E<p>LDL cholesterol ≥160 mg/dL or lipid-lowering therapy; HDL cholesterol ≤40 mg/dL in men or ≤50 mg/dL in women.</p>F<p>Definite myocardial infarction or sudden death before 55 years in male first-degree relatives or before 65 years in female first-degree relatives.</p>G<p>The metabolic syndrome components are defined according to the IDF, NHLBI, AHA, WHF, IAC, and IASO recent criteria.</p