MOESM1 of Prevalence and risk factors associated with female anal sex in the context of HIV/AIDS in the selected districts of Tanzania

Additional file 1. A questionnaire used in the data collection

Univariate binary logistic regression model showing relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and vaccination status.

Univariate binary logistic regression model showing relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and vaccination status.</p

Background characteristics of HCWs (N = 1368).

Vaccination is the most cost-effective way of preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) although there was a considerable delay in its institution in Tanzania. This study assessed health care workers’ (HCWs) self-perceived infection risk and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. A concurrent embedded, mixed methods design was utilized to collect data among HCWs in seven Tanzanian regions. Quantitative data was collected using a validated, pre-piloted, interviewer administered questionnaire whereas in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) gathered qualitative data. Descriptive analyses were performed while chi-square test and logistic regression were used to test for associations across categories. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. A total of 1,368 HCWs responded to the quantitative tool, 26 participated in the IDIs and 74 in FGDs. About half of the HCW (53.6%) reported to have been vaccinated and three quarters (75.5%) self-perceived to be at a high risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection. High perceived infection risk was associated with increased COVID-19 vaccine uptake (OR 1.535). Participants perceived that the nature of their work and the working environment in the health facilities increased their infection risk. Limited availability and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was reported to elevate the perceived infection risks. Participants in the oldest age group and from low and mid-level health care facilities had higher proportions with a high-risk perception of acquiring COVID-19 infection. Only about half of the HCWs reported to be vaccinated albeit the majority recounted higher perception of risk to contracting COVID-19 due to their working environment, including limited availability and use of PPE. Efforts to address heightened perceived-risks should include improving the working environment, availability of PPE and continue updating HCWs on the benefits of COVID-19 vaccine to limit their infection risks and consequent transmission to their patients and public.</div

Socio-demographic characteristics by high COVID-19 risk perception and reporting being vaccinated for COVID-19.

Socio-demographic characteristics by high COVID-19 risk perception and reporting being vaccinated for COVID-19.</p

Example of mobile phone surveillance application.

<p>Mobile phone interface showing form being (A) completed for an example bite patient and (B) submitted.</p

The mobile-phone–based surveillance system.

<p>In the map, blue dots represent facilities that provide post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and report using the surveillance system (large dots represent hospitals, small dots represent health centres). The map is shaded by population density with wildlife-protected areas in white. The panels illustrate example surveillance data (<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002002#pmed.1002002.s001" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>) from different districts that are annotated on the map by their initials. These data show monthly incidence of bite patients per 100,000 people on Pemba Island (P) and Ulanga (U), PEP use and shortages for Kibaha rural (KR) and Kisarawe (K), progress switching from intramuscular (IM) to intradermal (ID) administration of PEP for Morogoro rural (MR) and Rufiji (R), and numbers of dogs vaccinated each month for Nachingwea (N) and Masasi (M).</p

Mobile phones as potential tools for surveillance in Tanzania.

<p>(A) Access and use of mobile phones versus computers by surveillance system users and 95% confidence intervals. The effects are shown of user (B) age and (C) self-reported use of text messaging (short message service or SMS), on the standardized time to complete surveillance forms on mobile phones, with boxes shaded in proportion to the sample size in the group (<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002002#pmed.1002002.s002" target="_blank">S2 Data</a>). Time to completion in minutes was standardized by computing z-scores by sector, because forms used by health workers for recording bite patients were longer than forms used by livestock field officers to record mass dog vaccination campaigns (<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002002#pmed.1002002.s005" target="_blank">S3 Table</a>, <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002002#pmed.1002002.s008" target="_blank">S1 Text</a>). (D) Number and percentage of mobile phone form submissions where helpline support was used (<8% overall and <3% for the most commonly used form, that for bite patient records, data in <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002002#pmed.1002002.s003" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>). Additional forms submitted by staff involved in system development and therefore familiar with the mobile phone application were excluded.</p