40 research outputs found
Ionic strength dependence of polyelectrolyte brush thickness
Intramolecular repulsion between charged monomers imposes intrinsic tension in polyion, modifies its elasticity, and changes the dependence of polyelectrolyte brush thickness on salt concentration. We demonstrate that intrinsic polyion tension gives rise to a plateau of the brush thickness in the middle of salt dominated regime and to a subsequent steeper brush contraction with increasing salt concentration
Lubrication by Polyelectrolyte Brushes
We develop a scaling model relating the friction forces between two polyelectrolyte brushes sliding over each other to the separation between grafted surfaces, number of monomers and charges per chain, grafting density of chains, and solvent quality. We demonstrate that the lateral force between brushes increases upon compression, but to a lesser extent than the normal force. The shear stress at larger separations is due to solvent slip layer friction. The thickness of this slip layer sharply decreases at distances on the order of undeformed brush thickness. The corresponding effective viscosity of the layer sharply increases from the solvent viscosity to a much higher value, but this increase is smaller than the jump of the normal force resulting in the drop of the friction coefficient. At stronger compression we predict the second sharp increase of the shear stress corresponding to interpenetration of the chains from the opposite brushes. In this regime the velocity-dependent friction coefficient between two partially interpenetrating polyelectrolyte brushes does not depend on the distance between substrates because both normal and shear forces are reciprocally proportional to the plate separation. Although lateral forces between polyelectrolyte brushes are larger than between bare surfaces, the enhancement of normal forces between opposing polyelectrolyte brushes with respect to normal forces between bare charged surfaces is much stronger resulting in lower friction coefficient. The model quantitatively demonstrates how polyelectrolyte brushes provide more effective lubrication than bare charged surfaces or neutral brushes
Self-Consistent Field Theory of Brushes of Neutral Water-Soluble Polymers
The Self-Consistent Field theory of brushes of neutral water-soluble polymers
described by two-state models is formulated in terms of the effective Flory
interaction parameter that depends on both temperature, T
and the monomer volume fraction, . The concentration profiles,
distribution of free ends and compression force profiles are obtained in the
presence and in the absence of a vertical phase separation. A vertical phase
separation within the layer leads to a distinctive compression force profile
and a minimum in the plot of the moments of the concentration profile vs. the
grafting density. The analysis is applied explicitly to the Karalstrom model.
The relevance to brushes of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) is discussed.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Chemical Physic
Tension Amplification in Molecular Brushes in Solutions and on Substrates β
Molecular bottle-brushes are highly branched macromolecules with side chains densely grafted to a long polymer backbone. The brush-like architecture allows focusing of the side-chain tension to the backbone and its amplification from the picoNewton to nanoNewton range. The backbone tension depends on the overall molecular conformation and the surrounding environment. Here we study the relation between the tension and conformation of the molecular brushes in solutions, melts, and on substrates. In solutions, we find that the backbone tension in dense brushes with side chains attached to every backbone monomer is on the order of f0N3/8 in athermal solvents, f0N1/3 in ΞΈ-solvents, and f0 in poor solvents and melts, where N is the degree of polymerization of side chains, f0β kBT/b is the maximum tension in side chains, b is the Kuhn length, kB is Boltzmann constant, and T is absolute temperature. Depending on the side chain length and solvent quality, molecular brushes in solutions develop tension on the order of 10β100 picoNewtons, which is sufficient to break hydrogen bonds. Significant amplification of tension occurs upon adsorption of brushes onto a substrate. On a strongly attractive substrate, maximum tension in the brush backbone is ~ f0N, reaching values on the order of several nanoNewtons which exceed the strength of a typical covalent bond. At low grafting density and high spreading parameter the cross-sectional profile of adsorbed molecular brush is approximately rectangular with thicknes ~bA/S, where A is the Hamaker constant and S is the spreading parameter. At a very high spreading parameter (S > A), the brush thickness saturates at monolayer ~ b. At a low spreading parameter, the cross-sectional profile of adsorbed molecular brush has triangular tent-like shape. In the cross-over between these two opposite cases, covering a wide range of parameter space, the adsorbed molecular brush consists of two layers. Side chains in the lower layer gain surface energy due to the direct interaction with the substrate, while the second layer spreads on the top of the first layer. Scaling theory predicts that this second layer has a triangular cross-section with width R ~ N3/5 and height h ~ N2/5. Using self-consistent field theory we calculate the cap profile y (x) = h (1 β x2/R2)2, where x is the transverse distance from the backbone. The predicted cap shape is in excellent agreement with both computer simulation and experiment
Surface patterning of nanoparticles with polymer patches
Patterning of colloidal particles with chemically or topographically distinct surface domains (patches) has attracted intense research interest1β3. Surface-patterned particles act as colloidal analogues of atoms and molecules4,5, serve as model systems in studies of phase transitions in liquid systems6, behave as βcolloidal surfactantsβ7 and function as templates for the synthesis of hybrid particles8. The generation of micrometre- and submicrometre-sized patchy colloids is now efficient9β11, but surface patterning of inorganic colloidal nanoparticles with dimensions of the order of tens of nanometres is uncommon. Such nanoparticles exhibit size- and shape-dependent optical, electronic and magnetic properties, and their assemblies show new collective properties12. At present, nanoparticle patterning is limited to the generation of two-patch nanoparticles13β15, and nanoparticles with surface ripples16 or a βraspberryβ surface morphology17. Here we demonstrate nanoparticle surface patterning, which utilizes thermodynamically driven segregation of polymer ligands from a uniform polymer brush into surface-pinned micelles following a change in solvent quality. Patch formation is reversible but can be permanently preserved using a photocrosslinking step. The methodology offers the ability to control the dimensions of patches, their spatial distribution and the number of patches per nanoparticle, in agreement with a theoretical model. The versatility of the strategy is demonstrated by patterning nanoparticles with different dimensions, shapes and compositions, tethered with various types of polymers and subjected to different external stimuli. These patchy nanocolloids have potential applications in fundamental research, the self-assembly of nanomaterials, diagnostics, sensing and colloidal stabilization
The present progressive tense in the self-commentary. Cognitive analysis.
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Present Progressive Tense Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π° Π½Π΅ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Present Progressive Tense Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° be ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ, Ρ. ΠΊ. ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ . The Present Progressive Tense is analyzed in the frame of the holistic approach to the language as a cognitive activity of a person orienting to the efficient adaptation to the environment in the communicative time trouble. As a result, the context of the situation is crucial to the understanding of language as a system of symbols. The source of knowledge represented in language is not the speaker but the observer. The choice of a certain word by the observer is determined by their perception, because knowledge is the direct or indirect experience of a person. The reduced Present Progressive form in the self-commentary describes both inner and outer niche of the observer. The inner part because the reduction of the verb be makes it closer to the simple predicate. The outer one because the present participle of the main verb portrays perception of oneβs own actions as a process
The Present Progressive Passive Tense. Cognitive Examination
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Present Progressive Passive ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° β ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅, ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Ρ. Π΅. Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ, Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ β ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ: Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ . In the article the verbal form Present Progressive Passive is examined within the new, holistic interpretation of language as a cognitive activity of a person aiming at the efficient adjustment to the environment in the time of the communicative time trouble. Understanding of language as the means of the adaptation at the moment of speech leads to focusing of attention on the context of the situation, the speech context, and perception of the reality of the person. It is suggested that the verbal form describes the comparison of the visible part of the situation, i. e. the event being experienced at the moment of speech, with the other part of the same situation that the observer does not see any more. It is shown that this form depicts two parts of the same situation. The part that is being watched and the result of the previous event that as the event itself is only the part of the larger situation. It is sufficient that the part that is being observed goes first and the result follows it, not vice versa. The result can be applied in cognitive linguistics, cognitive analysis of discourse, literary criticism, etc
Performative Verbs in English β The Holistic Approach
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΡ. Π―Π·ΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ. ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅, Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ: Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄., Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ . This article interprets performative verbs within a new, holistic approach to the language as a personβs cognitive activity, focused on the most effective adaptation in a communicative situation with limited time. Therefore, the context of the situation becomes decisive when interpreting the system of linguistic symbols. Knowledge, reflected in the language, always comes from the observer, not from the speaker. The communicantβs choice of a particular word or form depends on his or her perception, since the knowledge, expressed in a language, is a personβs direct or indirect experience. It seems that the performative verbs in the English language convey a personβs perception of the world and the description of two areas of their experience in a communicative situation with limited time. The main method of research includes cognitive analysis, suggesting that a speakerβs choice of the verb form depends on his or her perception of both the external environment and the personal internal state and processes. This article shows that these verbs (which constitute a full-fledged action, not a means of transferring meaning) describe two areas of the observerβs experience: the internal and external environment. The semantics of the verb does not play an important role. The obtained data can be used in theoretical works on the biology of language, cognitive grammar, cognitive analysis of discourse, cognitive sociolinguistics, literary criticism, the theory of language personality among others, as well as in teaching English