40 research outputs found

    Ionic strength dependence of polyelectrolyte brush thickness

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    Intramolecular repulsion between charged monomers imposes intrinsic tension in polyion, modifies its elasticity, and changes the dependence of polyelectrolyte brush thickness on salt concentration. We demonstrate that intrinsic polyion tension gives rise to a plateau of the brush thickness in the middle of salt dominated regime and to a subsequent steeper brush contraction with increasing salt concentration

    Lubrication by Polyelectrolyte Brushes

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    We develop a scaling model relating the friction forces between two polyelectrolyte brushes sliding over each other to the separation between grafted surfaces, number of monomers and charges per chain, grafting density of chains, and solvent quality. We demonstrate that the lateral force between brushes increases upon compression, but to a lesser extent than the normal force. The shear stress at larger separations is due to solvent slip layer friction. The thickness of this slip layer sharply decreases at distances on the order of undeformed brush thickness. The corresponding effective viscosity of the layer sharply increases from the solvent viscosity to a much higher value, but this increase is smaller than the jump of the normal force resulting in the drop of the friction coefficient. At stronger compression we predict the second sharp increase of the shear stress corresponding to interpenetration of the chains from the opposite brushes. In this regime the velocity-dependent friction coefficient between two partially interpenetrating polyelectrolyte brushes does not depend on the distance between substrates because both normal and shear forces are reciprocally proportional to the plate separation. Although lateral forces between polyelectrolyte brushes are larger than between bare surfaces, the enhancement of normal forces between opposing polyelectrolyte brushes with respect to normal forces between bare charged surfaces is much stronger resulting in lower friction coefficient. The model quantitatively demonstrates how polyelectrolyte brushes provide more effective lubrication than bare charged surfaces or neutral brushes

    Self-Consistent Field Theory of Brushes of Neutral Water-Soluble Polymers

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    The Self-Consistent Field theory of brushes of neutral water-soluble polymers described by two-state models is formulated in terms of the effective Flory interaction parameter Ο‡eff(T,Ο•)\chi_{eff}(T,\phi) that depends on both temperature, T and the monomer volume fraction, Ο•\phi. The concentration profiles, distribution of free ends and compression force profiles are obtained in the presence and in the absence of a vertical phase separation. A vertical phase separation within the layer leads to a distinctive compression force profile and a minimum in the plot of the moments of the concentration profile vs. the grafting density. The analysis is applied explicitly to the Karalstrom model. The relevance to brushes of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) is discussed.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Journal of Chemical Physic

    Tension Amplification in Molecular Brushes in Solutions and on Substrates †

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    Molecular bottle-brushes are highly branched macromolecules with side chains densely grafted to a long polymer backbone. The brush-like architecture allows focusing of the side-chain tension to the backbone and its amplification from the picoNewton to nanoNewton range. The backbone tension depends on the overall molecular conformation and the surrounding environment. Here we study the relation between the tension and conformation of the molecular brushes in solutions, melts, and on substrates. In solutions, we find that the backbone tension in dense brushes with side chains attached to every backbone monomer is on the order of f0N3/8 in athermal solvents, f0N1/3 in ΞΈ-solvents, and f0 in poor solvents and melts, where N is the degree of polymerization of side chains, f0≃ kBT/b is the maximum tension in side chains, b is the Kuhn length, kB is Boltzmann constant, and T is absolute temperature. Depending on the side chain length and solvent quality, molecular brushes in solutions develop tension on the order of 10–100 picoNewtons, which is sufficient to break hydrogen bonds. Significant amplification of tension occurs upon adsorption of brushes onto a substrate. On a strongly attractive substrate, maximum tension in the brush backbone is ~ f0N, reaching values on the order of several nanoNewtons which exceed the strength of a typical covalent bond. At low grafting density and high spreading parameter the cross-sectional profile of adsorbed molecular brush is approximately rectangular with thicknes ~bA/S, where A is the Hamaker constant and S is the spreading parameter. At a very high spreading parameter (S > A), the brush thickness saturates at monolayer ~ b. At a low spreading parameter, the cross-sectional profile of adsorbed molecular brush has triangular tent-like shape. In the cross-over between these two opposite cases, covering a wide range of parameter space, the adsorbed molecular brush consists of two layers. Side chains in the lower layer gain surface energy due to the direct interaction with the substrate, while the second layer spreads on the top of the first layer. Scaling theory predicts that this second layer has a triangular cross-section with width R ~ N3/5 and height h ~ N2/5. Using self-consistent field theory we calculate the cap profile y (x) = h (1 βˆ’ x2/R2)2, where x is the transverse distance from the backbone. The predicted cap shape is in excellent agreement with both computer simulation and experiment

    Surface patterning of nanoparticles with polymer patches

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    Patterning of colloidal particles with chemically or topographically distinct surface domains (patches) has attracted intense research interest1–3. Surface-patterned particles act as colloidal analogues of atoms and molecules4,5, serve as model systems in studies of phase transitions in liquid systems6, behave as β€˜colloidal surfactants’7 and function as templates for the synthesis of hybrid particles8. The generation of micrometre- and submicrometre-sized patchy colloids is now efficient9–11, but surface patterning of inorganic colloidal nanoparticles with dimensions of the order of tens of nanometres is uncommon. Such nanoparticles exhibit size- and shape-dependent optical, electronic and magnetic properties, and their assemblies show new collective properties12. At present, nanoparticle patterning is limited to the generation of two-patch nanoparticles13–15, and nanoparticles with surface ripples16 or a β€˜raspberry’ surface morphology17. Here we demonstrate nanoparticle surface patterning, which utilizes thermodynamically driven segregation of polymer ligands from a uniform polymer brush into surface-pinned micelles following a change in solvent quality. Patch formation is reversible but can be permanently preserved using a photocrosslinking step. The methodology offers the ability to control the dimensions of patches, their spatial distribution and the number of patches per nanoparticle, in agreement with a theoretical model. The versatility of the strategy is demonstrated by patterning nanoparticles with different dimensions, shapes and compositions, tethered with various types of polymers and subjected to different external stimuli. These patchy nanocolloids have potential applications in fundamental research, the self-assembly of nanomaterials, diagnostics, sensing and colloidal stabilization

    The present progressive tense in the self-commentary. Cognitive analysis.

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    Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΡ‹ΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ видоврСмСнная Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° Present Progressive Tense Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, холистичСского ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ языку ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° максимально ΡΡ„Ρ„Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊ срСдС Π² ситуации ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π°. Как слСдствиС, контСкст ситуации становится ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ языка ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ систСмы символов. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ знания, ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ языком, слуТит Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ, Π° Π½Π΅ говорящий. ΠŸΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, прСдставлСнноС Π² языкС β€” это опосрСдованный ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ нСпосрСдствСнный чувствСнный ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ языковой Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ обусловлСн особСнностями Π΅Π³ΠΎ восприятия срСды. ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ сокращСнная Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° Present Progressive Tense Π² контСкстС автокоммСнтария ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΡŽΡŽ ΠΈ внСшнюю срСду Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Π’Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΡŽΡŽ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΡƒ сокращСниС Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° be ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΅Π΅ ΠΊ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ΅ простого сказуСмого. Π’Π½Π΅ΡˆΠ½ΡŽΡŽ, Ρ‚. ΠΊ. причастиС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ΅ смыслового Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ‚ восприятиС собствСнных дСйствий ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ процСсса, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ . The Present Progressive Tense is analyzed in the frame of the holistic approach to the language as a cognitive activity of a person orienting to the efficient adaptation to the environment in the communicative time trouble. As a result, the context of the situation is crucial to the understanding of language as a system of symbols. The source of knowledge represented in language is not the speaker but the observer. The choice of a certain word by the observer is determined by their perception, because knowledge is the direct or indirect experience of a person. The reduced Present Progressive form in the self-commentary describes both inner and outer niche of the observer. The inner part because the reduction of the verb be makes it closer to the simple predicate. The outer one because the present participle of the main verb portrays perception of one’s own actions as a process

    The Present Progressive Passive Tense. Cognitive Examination

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    Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° Present Progressive Passive осмысляСтся Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ… Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, холистичСского понимания языка β€” языка ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ повСдСния Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° эффСктивноС приспособлСниС ΠΊ срСдС Π² ситуации ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π°. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ языка ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ способа Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊ срСдС Π² ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ внимания Π½Π° контСкстС ситуации, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ контСкстС, ΠΈ особСнностях восприятия ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ глагольная Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° описываСт сопоставлСниС Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ части ситуации, Ρ‚. Π΅. нСпосрСдствСнно воспринимаСмого Π² Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ события, с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ситуации β€” событиСм, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ для Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Ρ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эта Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄Π²Π΅ стороны ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ситуации: нСпосрСдствСнно Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ события, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ само событиС, выступаСт Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ этой ситуации. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ наблюдаСмая Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠΉ, Π° Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΌ слСдуСт, Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ исслСдования ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ лингвистикС, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ дискурса, Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ . In the article the verbal form Present Progressive Passive is examined within the new, holistic interpretation of language as a cognitive activity of a person aiming at the efficient adjustment to the environment in the time of the communicative time trouble. Understanding of language as the means of the adaptation at the moment of speech leads to focusing of attention on the context of the situation, the speech context, and perception of the reality of the person. It is suggested that the verbal form describes the comparison of the visible part of the situation, i. e. the event being experienced at the moment of speech, with the other part of the same situation that the observer does not see any more. It is shown that this form depicts two parts of the same situation. The part that is being watched and the result of the previous event that as the event itself is only the part of the larger situation. It is sufficient that the part that is being observed goes first and the result follows it, not vice versa. The result can be applied in cognitive linguistics, cognitive analysis of discourse, literary criticism, etc

    Performative Verbs in English β€” The Holistic Approach

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    Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ‹ ΠΎΡΠΌΡ‹ΡΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ… Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, холистичСского ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ языку. Π―Π·Ρ‹ΠΊΡƒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ активности Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, сфокусированной Π½Π° максимально эффСктивном приспособлСнии ΠΊ срСдС Π² ситуации ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π°. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ контСкст Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ситуации дСлаСтся ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ систСмы языковых символов. Π—Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² языкС, всСгда исходит ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Ρ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ говорящСго. Π’Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ слова ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ зависит ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅Π³ΠΎ особСнностСй восприятия срСды, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π²Ρ‹Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² языкС, Π΅ΡΡ‚ΡŒ нСпосрСдствСнный ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ опосрСдованный ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ДумаСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ‹ Π² английском языкС ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ восприятиС ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π° Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ описаниС ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… сфСр своСго ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° Π² условиях ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†Π΅ΠΉΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π°. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ исслСдования стал ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ говорящим Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° зависит ΠΎΡ‚ особСнностСй восприятия ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ внСшнСй срСды, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ своих Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… состояний ΠΈ процСссов. ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Ρ‹ Π² силу Ρ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ собой ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ дСйствиС, Π° Π½Π΅ срСдство ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ значСния, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Π²Π΅ области ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡŽΠ΄Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»Ρ: Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΡŽΡŽ ΠΈ внСшнюю срСду. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом сСмантика Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π² тСорСтичСских Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ языка, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ дискурса, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ социолингвистикС, Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ языковой личности ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄., Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ практичСскому английскому . This article interprets performative verbs within a new, holistic approach to the language as a person’s cognitive activity, focused on the most effective adaptation in a communicative situation with limited time. Therefore, the context of the situation becomes decisive when interpreting the system of linguistic symbols. Knowledge, reflected in the language, always comes from the observer, not from the speaker. The communicant’s choice of a particular word or form depends on his or her perception, since the knowledge, expressed in a language, is a person’s direct or indirect experience. It seems that the performative verbs in the English language convey a person’s perception of the world and the description of two areas of their experience in a communicative situation with limited time. The main method of research includes cognitive analysis, suggesting that a speaker’s choice of the verb form depends on his or her perception of both the external environment and the personal internal state and processes. This article shows that these verbs (which constitute a full-fledged action, not a means of transferring meaning) describe two areas of the observer’s experience: the internal and external environment. The semantics of the verb does not play an important role. The obtained data can be used in theoretical works on the biology of language, cognitive grammar, cognitive analysis of discourse, cognitive sociolinguistics, literary criticism, the theory of language personality among others, as well as in teaching English
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