Chemical composition.

<p>Chromatograms obtained by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS (negative ion mode) indicating the presence of phenolic compounds in the EEHS. The enlarged figures correspond to the MS/MS spectra of the following main compounds: chlorogenic acid (peak 2) and rutin (peak 6).</p

Estimation of the effect of the EEHS (160 μg/mL) on the mitochondrial membrane potential of the acute myeloid leukemia cell line Kasumi-1 by flow cytometry.

<p>(A) Dot plots of flow cytometric data indicating the pattern of cell staining using JC-1 in green (FL-1) and red (FL-2). (B) Percentage of change of the mitochondrial membrane potential obtained from dot plots. *** P < 0.001 when the treated groups were compared with the control group.</p

Effects of the EEHS on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH.

<p>The control corresponds to erythrocytes incubated with AAPH alone. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of two independent experiments performed in duplicate. *** P < 0.001 when the treated groups were compared with the AAPH group (erythrocytes incubated with AAPH alone).</p

Effects of EEHS on the inhibition of hemolysis of human erythrocytes induced by AAPH.

<p>The groups were evaluated at (A) 60, (B) 120, (C) 180, and (D) 240 min of incubation. The controls consisted of an erythrocyte suspension (2.5%) incubated with AAPH alone. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments performed in duplicate. * P < 0.05 when the treated groups were compared with the AAPH group (erythrocytes incubated with AAPH alone) during the respective incubation periods.</p

Cytotoxic activity of the EEHS in the acute myeloid leukemia cell line Kasumi-1 in the presence of cell death inhibitors.

<p>(A) Dot plots of the flow cytometry data of cells stained with propidium iodide and annexin-V-FITC in the presence of inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK, Nec-1, NAC, or E64 and in the presence of the EEHS combined with each of these inhibitors. (B) Percentage of cell viability obtained from dot plots at the EEHS concentration of 160 μg/mL. * P < 0.05 when the treated groups were compared with the control group.</p

Cytotoxic activity of the EEHS in the acute myeloid leukemia cell line Kasumi-1.

<p>(A) Concentration-response curve (25–200 μg/mL). (B) Dot plots indicating the flow cytometry data of cells stained with propidium iodide (PI) and annexin-V-FITC (An) treated with a negative control (NC), 100 μg/mL of the EEHS or 200 μg/mL of the EEHS. The lower left quadrant shows viable cells (An^–/PI^–); the lower right quadrant shows apoptotic cells (An⁺/PI^–); the upper left quadrant shows cells undergoing necrosis (An^–/PI⁺); and the upper right quadrant shows cells in late apoptosis (An⁺/PI⁺). (C) Percentage of cell death obtained from dot plots of cells treated with NC, 100 μg/mL of the EEHS, or 200 μg/mL of the EEHS. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001 when the treated groups were compared with the control group.</p

IC₅₀ of the ethanolic extract of <i>Hancornia speciosa</i> Gomes leaves (EEHS) compared with the antioxidant standards ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) along with the percentage of maximum scavenging activity of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).

<p>IC₅₀ of the ethanolic extract of <i>Hancornia speciosa</i> Gomes leaves (EEHS) compared with the antioxidant standards ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) along with the percentage of maximum scavenging activity of the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).</p

Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the EEHS and controls.

<p>Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the EEHS and controls.</p

Cell death profile after treatment with IC₅₀ of the ExEP-P and ExEP-A.

<p>(A) Dot plots indicating the flow cytometry, and (B) representative diagrams obtained via flow cytometry of cells stained with annexin V-FITC/PI; Anx^–/PI^–: viable cells; Anx⁺/PI^–: apoptotic cells; Anx^–/PI⁺: necrotic cells, and Anx⁺/PI⁺: cells in late apoptosis. ***p < 0.001 treated group versus control viable cells. ^###p < 0.001 treated group versus control apoptosis. ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 treated group versus control necrosis. ^xxxp < 0.001 and ^xp < 0.05 treated group versus control late apoptosis.</p

Viability of K562 cells at 0, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after treatment with IC₅₀ of the ExEP-P or ExEP-A.

<p>Images are representative of those seen from at least three such fields of view per sample and three independent repeats.</p