712 research outputs found
Metastability and low lying spectra in reversible Markov chains
We study a large class of reversible Markov chains with discrete state space
and transition matrix . We define the notion of a set of {\it metastable
points} as a subset of the state space \G_N such that (i) this set is reached
from any point x\in \G_N without return to x with probability at least ,
while (ii) for any two point x,y in the metastable set, the probability
to reach y from x without return to x is smaller than
. Under some additional non-degeneracy assumption, we show
that in such a situation: \item{(i)} To each metastable point corresponds a
metastable state, whose mean exit time can be computed precisely. \item{(ii)}
To each metastable point corresponds one simple eigenvalue of which is
essentially equal to the inverse mean exit time from this state. The
corresponding eigenfunctions are close to the indicator function of the support
of the metastable state. Moreover, these results imply very sharp uniform
control of the deviation of the probability distribution of metastable exit
times from the exponential distribution.Comment: 44pp, AMSTe
Metastability in stochastic dynamics of disordered mean-field models
We study a class of Markov chains that describe reversible stochastic
dynamics of a large class of disordered mean field models at low temperatures.
Our main purpose is to give a precise relation between the metastable time
scales in the problem to the properties of the rate functions of the
corresponding Gibbs measures. We derive the analog of the Wentzell-Freidlin
theory in this case, showing that any transition can be decomposed, with
probability exponentially close to one, into a deterministic sequence of
``admissible transitions''. For these admissible transitions we give upper and
lower bounds on the expected transition times that differ only by a constant.
The distribution rescaled transition times are shown to converge to the
exponential distribution. We exemplify our results in the context of the random
field Curie-Weiss model.Comment: 73pp, AMSTE
The Influence of External Factors Upon the Functions of the Family Since 1929
The purpose of this thesis is to show the influence of external factors upon the functions of the family since 1929. The writer will consider the affectional, religious, economic, protective, recreational and educational functions, and will endeavor to determine the extent to which external factors have affected the functions of the family and the family itself.
Studies on the social aspects of the depression, published by the Social Science Research Council, have been particularly helpful in the preparation of this thesis. The writer refers especially to the Research Memorandum on the Family in the Depression, Research Memorandum on Religion in the Depression, Research Memorandum on Social Aspects of Consumption in the Depression, Research Memorandum on Recreation in the Depression, and the Research .Memorandum on Education in the Depression.
All tables referred to in the chapters of this thesis are in the appendix
Uniqueness of the mixing measure for a random walk in a random environment on the positive integers
Consider a random walk in an irreducible random environment on the positive integers. We prove that the annealed law of the random walk determines uniquely the law of the random environment. An application to linearly edge-reinforced random walk is given
Optimal population-level infection detection strategies for malaria control and elimination in a spatial model of malaria transmission
Mass campaigns with antimalarial drugs are potentially a powerful tool for
local elimination of malaria, yet current diagnostic technologies are
insufficiently sensitive to identify all individuals who harbor infections. At
the same time, overtreatment of uninfected individuals increases the risk of
accelerating emergence of drug resistance and losing community acceptance.
Local heterogeneity in transmission intensity may allow campaign strategies
that respond to index cases to successfully target subpatent infections while
simultaneously limiting overtreatment. While selective targeting of hotspots of
transmission has been proposed as a strategy for malaria control, such
targeting has not been tested in the context of malaria elimination. Using
household locations, demographics, and prevalence data from a survey of four
health facility catchment areas in southern Zambia and an agent-based model of
malaria transmission and immunity acquisition, a transmission intensity was fit
to each household based on neighborhood age-dependent malaria prevalence. A set
of individual infection trajectories was constructed for every household in
each catchment area, accounting for heterogeneous exposure and immunity.
Various campaign strategies (mass drug administration, mass screen and treat,
focal mass drug administration, snowball reactive case detection, pooled
sampling, and a hypothetical serological diagnostic) were simulated and
evaluated for performance at finding infections, minimizing overtreatment,
reducing clinical case counts, and interrupting transmission. For malaria
control, presumptive treatment leads to substantial overtreatment without
additional morbidity reduction under all but the highest transmission
conditions. Selective targeting of hotspots with drug campaigns is an
ineffective tool for elimination due to limited sensitivity of available field
diagnostics
Metastability and small eigenvalues in Markov chains
In this letter we announce rigorous results that elucidate the relation
between metastable states and low-lying eigenvalues in Markov chains in a much
more general setting and with considerable greater precision as was so far
available. This includes a sharp uncertainty principle relating all low-lying
eigenvalues to mean times of metastable transitions, a relation between the
support of eigenfunctions and the attractor of a metastable state, and sharp
estimates on the convergence of probability distribution of the metastable
transition times to the exponential distribution.Comment: 5pp, AMSTe
Malaria elimination campaigns in the Lake Kariba region of Zambia: a spatial dynamical model
Background As more regions approach malaria elimination, understanding how
different interventions interact to reduce transmission becomes critical. The
Lake Kariba area of Southern Province, Zambia, is part of a multi-country
elimination effort and presents a particular challenge as it is an
interconnected region of variable transmission intensities.
Methods In 2012-13, six rounds of mass-screen-and-treat drug campaigns were
carried out in the Lake Kariba region. A spatial dynamical model of malaria
transmission in the Lake Kariba area, with transmission and climate modeled at
the village scale, was calibrated to the 2012-13 prevalence survey data, with
case management rates, insecticide-treated net usage, and drug campaign
coverage informed by surveillance. The model was used to simulate the effect of
various interventions implemented in 2014-22 on reducing regional transmission,
achieving elimination by 2022, and maintaining elimination through 2028.
Findings The model captured the spatio-temporal trends of decline and rebound
in malaria prevalence in 2012-13 at the village scale. Simulations predicted
that elimination required repeated mass drug administrations coupled with
simultaneous increase in net usage. Drug campaigns targeted only at high-burden
areas were as successful as campaigns covering the entire region.
Interpretation Elimination in the Lake Kariba region is possible through
coordinating mass drug campaigns with high-coverage vector control. Targeting
regional hotspots is a viable alternative to global campaigns when human
migration within an interconnected area is responsible for maintaining
transmission in low-burden areas
Long paths in first passage percolation on the complete graph I. Local PWIT dynamics
We study the random geometry of first passage percolation on the complete graph equipped with independent and identically distributed edge weights. We find classes with different behaviour depending on a sequence of parameters (sn)n≥1 that quantifies the extreme-value behavior of small weights. We consider both n-independent as well as n-dependent edge weights and illustrate our results in many examples. In particular, we investigate the case where sn → ∞, and focus on the exploration process that grows the smallest-weight tree from a vertex. We establish that the smallest-weight tree process locally converges to the invasion percolation cluster on the Poisson-weighted infinite tree, and we identify the scaling limit of the weight of the smallest-weight path between two uniform vertices. In addition, we show that over a long time interval, the growth of the smallest-weight tree maintains the same volume-height scaling exponent – volume proportional to the square of the height – found in critical Galton–Watson branching trees and critical Erdős-Rényi random graphs
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