On describing word order

One aspect that is always discussed in language descriptions, no matter how short they may be, is word order. Beginning with Greenberg 1963, it has been common to talk about word order using expressions such as "X is an SOV language", where "S" represents "subject", "0" represents "object", and "V" represents "verb". Statements such as this are based on an assumption of comparability, an assumption that all languages manifest the categories represented by "S", "0", and "V" (among others), and that word order in all languages can be described (and compared) using these categories

Direct and indirect speech in Tagalog

Tagalog is an Austronesian language of the Philippines. It is the basis for one of the two official languages of the Philippines, Pilipino, and as such potentially spoken by 81 million people, though there are many sub-varieties

Minority languages of China

This chapter looks at language endangerment in the People's Republic of China, focusing on three of the main factors that influence language maintenance in China today: increased contact due to population movements and changes in the economy; the population policies of the government, particularly the identification of nationalities and languages; and the education system, particularly bilingual education. Finally, we give a brief account of the major efforts to document endangered languages

RIO Country Report Hungary 2014

The report offers an analysis of the R&I system in Hungary for 2014, including relevant policies and funding, with particular focus on topics critical for two EU policies: the European Research Area and the Innovation Union. The report was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports, websites etc. The report identifies the structural challenges of the Hungarian research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and those challenges, highlighting the latest policy developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context.JRC.J.6-Innovation Systems Analysi

ERAWATCH Country Reports 2013: Hungary

The Analytical Country Reports analyse and assess in a structured manner the evolution of the national policy research and innovation in the perspective of the wider EU strategy and goals, with a particular focus on the performance of the national research and innovation (R&I) system, their broader policy mix and governance. The 2013 edition of the Country Reports highlight national policy and system developments occurring since late 2012 and assess, through dedicated sections: -National progress in addressing Research and Innovation system challenges; -National progress in addressing the 5 ERA priorities; -The progress at Member State level towards achieving the Innovation Union; -The status and relevant features of Regional and/or National Research and Innovation Strategies on Smart Specialisation (RIS3); -As far relevant, country Specific Research and Innovation (R&I) Recommendations. Detailed annexes in tabular form provide access to country information in a concise and synthetic manner. The reports were originally produced in December 2013, focusing on policy developments occurring over the preceding twelve months.JRC.J.2-Knowledge for Growt

Glioblastoma and Increased Survival with Longer Chemotherapy Duration

Background: The five year survival for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) is low at approximately 4.7%. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) remain the standard of care. The optimal duration of therapy with TMZ is unknown, though treatment periods of six months, 12 months and longer have been utilized. Whether or not there is a benefit with longer treatment duration is controversial. This study sought to evaluate overall survival benefit of two years treatment. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of all patients diagnosed with GBM who were treated at a regional cancer referral center. These patients were treated with TMZ for up to two years between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2011. Survival was calculated as the time from initial surgical diagnosis until death. The Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test was used to estimate the progression-free survival (PFS) as well as the overall survival (OS) distribution of patients after treatment. The results were compared to historical controls and data from previous clinical trials of pts treated up to one year. Results: Data from 56 patients were evaluated, the majority of whom had gross total resection and had external pathology review confirming the diagnosis of GBM. The OS probability was 54% (SE = 0.068) at one year, 28.3% (SE = 0.064) at two years, 17.8% (SE = 0.059) at three years and 4% (SE=0.041) at five years. The median PFS time in this study group was eight months (95% CI = 4.0 - 9.0 mo). The probability of no progression at two years was 8.6% (SE = 0.05). Seven patients (12.5%) were treated with TMZ for two years. The median time-to-progression among these patients was 28 months (95% CI = 5.0-28.0). These patients showed an increased survival probability at three years compared to patients who did not receive the two year treatment of TMZ (log-rank test χ2 (1, N=56) = 19.2, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study suggests that there may be an advantage for a longer duration of TMZ therapy among patients with GBM. In this study, treatment with TMZ for two years was associated with increased survival. While we consider the sample size to be too small for generalization, a prospective, multicenter study with a larger sample size might better evaluate the question of duration of TMZ therapy, particularly if both clinical and basic science data are paired