МІСЦЕ СУДОВО-ТОВАРОЗНАВЧИХ ЕКСПЕРТИЗ У СПРАВАХ ПРО ЗАХИСТ ПРАВ СПОЖИВАЧІВ

This article content is aimed at characterization of urgent problematic issues, which are connected with determining the place of forensic expertise in cases related to the protection of consumer rights and the development of ways of solving emerging problems. The article emphasizes that in accordance with the current legislation, consumers have the right to protect their rights to the necessary quality, safety of goods and services, as well as the right to compensation for losses caused by goods of inadequate quality, dangerous to life and health, etc. It is determined that the main control in the sphere of trade is exercised by the State Service for Product Safety and Consumer Protection, and it is established that the problems are the inability of this service to carry out an instant check on a consumer complaint of a particular point of sale. At the present stage, the problem of citizens' rights including rights in the sphere of consumption, is extremely urgent, because accession of Ukraine to the European Union requires the application of European standards of product quality. In developed country, the consumer is a major player in market relations, which is focused on the production and improvement of the quality of goods and services. The application of sanctions to sellers, manufacturers of poor-quality products does not always give the necessary effect, because usually an unscrupulous manufacturer (seller, executor) pays a fine and continues to provide poor quality services, to supply products that are dangerous to life and health. Important factor in improving the quality of products and services provided is the legal knowledge of consumers themselves in protecting their rights. Consumer rights have a prerogative over the rights of sellers and producers, since human life and health under the Constitution of Ukraine is a fundamental value of the state. The authors described the actions that the consumer should take to protect their violated rights, and emphasized that in cases where the consumer seeks to restore justice for this issue, he should ask an expert institution to perform a forensic trade research.Окреслено актуальні проблемні питання, пов’язані з визначенням місця судово-товарознавчих експертиз у справах про захист прав споживачів і розробкою шляхів вирішення проблем, що виникають. Споживачі згідно з чинним законодавством мають право на захист своїх прав щодо належної якості, безпеки товарів та послуг, а також право на відшкодування збитків, завданих товарами неналежної якості, небезпечними для життя та здоров’я тощо. Визначено дії, які споживач повинен вчинити для захисту своїх порушених прав, та підкреслено, що у випадках коли споживач намагається відновити справедливість у цьому проблемному питанні, він має звернутися до експертних установ з проханням провести товарознавчі дослідження товарів

Місце судової товарознавчої експертизи у запобіганні правопорушенням на роздрібному ринку електричної енергії

 The article emphasizes that the threatening dynamics of the annual increase in the facts of damage and theft of energy equipment, theft of electrical energy, spontaneous connection to electrical grids can lead to imbalance anddestruction of the electrical industry not only in a separate region, but also in the country as a whole. Attention is drawn to the fact that regulatory legal acts are aimed at curbing this dangerous dynamic, that carry out state regulation in the energy sector which, unfortunately, do not ensure stable security in this area.  It is stated that specialists from different suppliers of electric energy prepare all the necessary materials to open criminal proceedings under Article 1881 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, submit petitions to the investigating authorities about the need to carry out certain investigative actions, however, violators are not prosecuted. It was found that the main obstacle in bringing the perpetrators of these violations to criminal responsibility is the lack of methodological materials and skills in the police units in the investigation of criminal proceedings on the facts of theft of electrical energy and the practice of their consideration by courts. It has been proved that the lack of methodological materials with a complete list of initial data that are necessary to determine the market price of products of the energy complex leads to discrepancies in conclusions of experts. New methods for determining the market price of energy products during forensic commodity examinations will help to resolve the issue of assessing the products of the energy complex in expert practice. It is proposed to determine the subject, tasks, object of research of this forensic examination; outline possible approaches and methods for assessing their value; establish the assortment of goods that has formed in this market in the world and in Ukraine; clearly identify the boundaries of competence of commodity experts. It is emphasized that the determination of the market price for electricity and the cost of services for its provision goes beyond the competence of commodity experts, since the mechanism for setting prices (tariffs) for this type of product is controlled by the state and approved by the Regulator – National Energy and Utilities Regulatory Commission. Зауважено, що притягненню до кримінальної відповідальності винних у пошкодженні й викраденні енергообладнання, розкраданні електроенергії заважає відсутність у підрозділів поліції методичних матеріалів і навичок розслідування таких правопорушень і практики їх розгляду судами. Акцентовано, що визначення ринкової вартості електроенергії та послуг з її надання перебуває за межами компетенції експертів-товарознавців, оскільки механізм формування цін (тарифів) на цей вид продукції затверджує Національна комісія, що здійснює державне регулювання у сферах енергетики та комунальних послуг, а контролює держава. Мета статті — окреслити місце судової товарознавчої експертизи у запобіганні правопорушенням на роздрібному ринку електроенергії

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТА ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ТОВАРОЗНАВЧИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ІЗ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВАРТОСТІ ЗЕЛЕНИХ НАСАДЖЕНЬ

Consideration is given to methodical approaches for solving the problems that arise in expert practice in the appointment and execution of forensic merchandising examinations on determining the value of forestry green plantations, green plantations in cities and in other settlements.Розглянуто методичні підходи до вирішення проблем, які виникають в експертній практиці при призначенні й проведенні судово-товарознавчих експертиз із визначення вартості зелених насаджень лісних господарств, зелених насаджень у містах та інших населених пунктах

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНИХ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЕЙ СУДОВОГО ЕКСПЕРТА-ТОВАРОЗНАВЦЯ

The authors solved the task of describing the peculiarities of the forensic commodity expert professional competencies formation, determining the components of this process and ways for its further development. Based on the analysis of the domestic scientists papers, which reflect the issues of forming staff capacity in a company and its development, ways for the possible use   of scientists developments while training forensic institutions specialists in general and forensic commodity experts in particular are proposed. It has been established that the set of characteristic features of a forensic commodity examination distinguishes it from other types of examinations and should become the basis for the theoretical foundations formation of the forensic commodity expert competencies. It is emphasized that activities of a forensic commodity expert always require creativity and scientific knowledge for research conduct, and the system of his competencies should include basic competencies, growth competencies, strategic competencies and their characteristics should be given. At the same time, a set of functional competencies is defined, which enhance disclosure of the competence concept “functional mastery” in different areas of the forensic commodity expert activity. Based on the peculiarities of the activities of various specialties forensic experts, including forensic commodity experts, it was found that when describing the structure of a forensic commodity expert professiogram along with professional knowledge (special knowledge and knowledge of legal norms), skills and abilities should be included. It is proved that the introduction into practice of forensic experts certification of such kind of knowledge control as testing, will help to solve most of the problems regarding the quality of preparation of forensic commodity experts and a number of advantages of such knowledge control is described. Recommendations on the assessment of forensic experts have been developed. An analysis of scientific papers of leading scientists and practical activities of forensic experts made it possible to define the skills and abilities that forensic commodity expert needs in his work, namely: specific methodological, research, communicative-organizational, and a detailed structure of each group with indication of competencies is given.Авторами розв’язано завдання щодо окреслення загальних засад фор- мування професійних компетентностей судового експерта-товарознавця, визначено складові цього процесу та напрями його подальшого розвит- ку. Зауважено, що діяльність судового експерта-товарознавця завжди потребує творчого підходу та наукових знань для дослідницької роботи, а система його компетентностей має містити базові компетентності, компетентності зростання, стратегічні компетентності; наведено їхню характеристику. Доведено, що введення в практику атестації судових екс- пертів такого виду контролю знань, як тестування, дасть змогу розв’я- зати більшість проблем щодо якості підготовки судових експертів-то- варознавців. Вироблено рекомендації щодо проведення оцінки судових експертів і визначено ті навички й уміння, які необхідні судовому експер- тові-товарознавцеві у його роботі, а саме: окремо-методичні, науково-до- слідні, комунікативно-організаторські; наведено розгорнуту структуру кожної групи із зазначенням компетентностей

NMR assignments of the N-terminal domain of Ogataea polymorpha telomerase reverse transcriptase

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that adds telomeric DNA fragments to the ends of chromosomes. This enzyme is the focus of substantial attention, both because its structure and mechanism of action are still poorly studied, and because of its pivotal roles in aging and cellular proliferation. The use of telomerase as a potential target for the design of new anticancer drugs is also of great interest. The catalytic protein subunit of telomerase (TERT) contains an N-terminal domain (TEN) that is essential for activity and processivity. Elucidation of the structure and dynamics of TEN in solution is important for understanding the molecular mechanism of telomerase activity and for the design of new telomerase inhibitors. To approach this problem, in this study we report the 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignments of TEN from Ogataea polymorpha. Analysis of the assigned chemical shifts allowed us to identify secondary structures and protein regions potentially involved in interaction with other participants of the telomerase catalytic cycle

NMR assignments of the N-terminal domain of Ogataea polymorpha telomerase reverse transcriptase

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that adds telomeric DNA fragments to the ends of chromosomes. This enzyme is the focus of substantial attention, both because its structure and mechanism of action are still poorly studied, and because of its pivotal roles in aging and cellular proliferation. The use of telomerase as a potential target for the design of new anticancer drugs is also of great interest. The catalytic protein subunit of telomerase (TERT) contains an N-terminal domain (TEN) that is essential for activity and processivity. Elucidation of the structure and dynamics of TEN in solution is important for understanding the molecular mechanism of telomerase activity and for the design of new telomerase inhibitors. To approach this problem, in this study we report the 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignments of TEN from Ogataea polymorpha. Analysis of the assigned chemical shifts allowed us to identify secondary structures and protein regions potentially involved in interaction with other participants of the telomerase catalytic cycle

Ecosystem-bedrock interaction changes nutrient compartmentalization during early oxidative weathering

Ecosystem-bedrock interactions power the biogeochemical cycles of Earth's shallow crust, supporting life, stimulating substrate transformation, and spurring evolutionary innovation. While oxidative processes have dominated half of terrestrial history, the relative contribution of the biosphere and its chemical fingerprints on Earth's developing regolith are still poorly constrained. Here, we report results from a two-year incipient weathering experiment. We found that the mass release and compartmentalization of major elements during weathering of granite, rhyolite, schist and basalt was rock-specific and regulated by ecosystem components. A tight interplay between physiological needs of different biota, mineral dissolution rates, and substrate nutrient availability resulted in intricate elemental distribution patterns. Biota accelerated CO2 mineralization over abiotic controls as ecosystem complexity increased, and significantly modified stoichiometry of mobilized elements. Microbial and fungal components inhibited element leaching (23.4% and 7%), while plants increased leaching and biomass retention by 63.4%. All biota left comparable biosignatures in the dissolved weathering products. Nevertheless, the magnitude and allocation of weathered fractions under abiotic and biotic treatments provide quantitative evidence for the role of major biosphere components in the evolution of upper continental crust, presenting critical information for large-scale biogeochemical models and for the search for stable in situ biosignatures beyond Earth.Comment: 41 pages (MS, SI and Data), 16 figures (MS and SI), 6 tables (SI and Data). Journal article manuscrip