12 research outputs found
Controllable Nitrogen Doping of High-Surface-Area Microporous Carbons Synthesized from an OrganicāInorganic SolāGel Approach for LiāS Cathodes
High-surface-area microporous carbons
with controllable nitrogen doping were prepared via a novel organicāinorganic
solāgel approach, using phenolic resol and hexamethoxymethyl
melamine (HMMM) as carbon precursors, and partially hydrolyzed tetraethoxysilane
as silica template. The pore structures of microporous carbons were
completely replicated from a thin silica framework and could be tailored
greatly by changing the organic/inorganic ratio. The nitrogen atoms
doped into the carbon framework were issued from high-nitrogen-content
HMMM precursors, and the nitrogen content could be adjusted in a wide
range by changing the phenolic resol/HMMM ratio. Moreover, the porous
structure and nitrogen content could be simultaneously controlled,
allowing the preparation of a series of microporous carbons with almost
the same microstructures (BET surface areas of ca.1900 m<sup>2</sup>Ā·g<sup>ā1</sup>and pore volumes of ca. 1.2 cm<sup>3</sup>Ā·g<sup>ā1</sup>, and the same pore size distributions)
but with different nitrogen contents (0ā12 wt %). These results
provided a general method to synthesize nitrogen-doped microporous
carbons and allowed these materials to serve as a model system to
illustrate the role of nitrogen content on the performance of the
carbons. When used as the supports for sulfur cathodes, only an appropriate
nitrogen content of ca. 6.3 wt % was found to effectively improve
sulfur utilization and cycle life of the sulfur cathodes. The resulting
sulfur cathodes could deliver an outstanding reversible discharge
capacity of 1054 mAhĀ·g<sup>ā1</sup> at 0.5 C after 100
cycles
Rational Design of High-Surface-Area Carbon Nanotube/Microporous Carbon CoreāShell Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Electrodes
All-carbon-based carbon nanotube
(CNT)/microporous carbon coreāshell nanocomposites, in which
a CNT as the core and high-surface-area microporous carbon as the
shell, have been prepared by in situ resorcinolāformaldehyde
resin coating of CNTs, followed by carbonization and controlled KOH
activation. The obtained nanocomposites have very high BrunauerāEmmettāTeller
surface areas (up to 1700 m<sup>2</sup>/g), narrow pore size distribution
(<2 nm), and 1D tubular structure within a 3D entangled network.
The thickness of the microporous carbon shell can be easily tuned
from 20 to 215 nm by changing the carbon precursor/CNT mass ratio.
In such a unique coreāshell structure, the CNT core could mitigate
the key issue related to the low electronic conductivity of microporous
carbons. On the other hand, the 1D tubular structure with a short
pore-pathway micropore as well as a 3D entangled network could increase
the utilization degree of the overall porosity and improve the electrode
kinetics. Thus, these CNT/microporous carbon coreāshell nanocomposites
exhibit a great potential as an electrode material for supercapacitors,
which could deliver high specific capacitance of 237 F/g, excellent
rate performance with 75% maintenance from 0.1 to 50 A/g, and high
cyclability in H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte. Moreover,
the precisely controlled microporous carbon shells may allow them
to serve as excellent model systems for microporous carbons, in general,
to illustrate the role of the pore length on the diffusion and kinetics
inside the micropores
Free-Standing <i>T</i>āNb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/Graphene Composite Papers with Ultrahigh Gravimetric/Volumetric Capacitance for Li-Ion Intercalation Pseudocapacitor
Free-standing electrodes with high gravimetric/volumetric capacitance will open up potential applications in miniaturized consumer electronics. Herein, we report a simple synthesis technology of free-standing orthorhombic Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (<i>T</i>-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)/graphene composite papers for Li-intercalating pseudocapacitive electrodes. Through a facile polyol-mediated solvothermal reaction, the Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> nanodots are homogeneously decorated onto the surface of reduced graphite oxide (rGO), which can form a homogeneous Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/rGO colloidal suspension that can be easily fabricated into flexible composite papers. The heat-treated <i>T</i>-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/graphene composite papers exhibit a nanoporous layer-stacked structure with good ionicāelectric conductive pathways, high <i>T</i>-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> loading of 74.2%, and high bulk density of 1.55 g cm<sup>ā3</sup>. Such <i>T</i>-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/graphene composite papers show a superior pseudocapacitor performance as free-standing electrodes, as evidenced by an ultrahigh gravimetric/volumetric capacitance (620.5 F g<sup>ā1</sup> and 961.8 F cm<sup>ā3</sup> at 1 mV s<sup>ā1</sup>) and excellent rate capability. Furthermore, an organic electrolyte-based asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled based on <i>T</i>-Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/graphene composite papers, which can deliver a high energy density of 47 W h kg<sup>ā1</sup> and power density of 18 kW kg<sup>ā1</sup>
Highly Selective Upgrading of Polyethylene into Light Aromatics via a Low-Temperature Melting-Catalysis Strategy
The selective upgrading of polyethylene waste into light
aromatics
is hampered by relatively high CāC bond cleavage temperatures
and low product selectivity. Herein, we report a low-temperature melting-catalysis
strategy that directly upgrades low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into
light aromatics over commercial ZSM-5 zeolite under mild conditions,
eliminating the need for precious metals, solvent, or external H2. Experimental results combined with DFT calculations and
molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the molten LDPE microenvironment
facilitates intimate LDPE-catalyst contact, promoting primary CāC
cleavage while suppressing olefin intermediates diffusion out of pores.
This feature increases the residence time for subsequent direct olefin
cyclization within the confined micropores. Moreover, online mass
spectra confirmed that the in situ generated hydrogen from cyclization
and dehydroaromatization reactions plays a vital role in CāC
bond scission. By optimizing the reaction conditions, a light aromatic
yield of 50.6 wt % with an impressive selectivity of 90.9% toward
benzene, toluene, and xylenes was achieved at 280 Ā°C for 1 h.
This strategy is not limited to the model polyethylene but also demonstrates
remarkable efficiency in the depolymerization of various widely used
polyethylene-rich plastics, enabling an economically viable and environmentally
benign chemical recycling path for plastic wastes
Organic Amine-Mediated Synthesis of Polymer and Carbon Microspheres: Mechanism Insight and Energy-Related Applications
A general organic amine-mediated
synthesis of polymer microspheres is developed based on the copolymerization
of resorcinol, formaldehyde, and various organic amines at room temperature.
Structure formation and evolution of colloidal microspheres in the
presence of polyethylenimine are monitored by dynamic light scattering
measurements. It is found that the colloidal clusters are formed instantaneously
and then experience an anomalous shrinkageāgrowth process.
This should be caused by two different reaction pathways: cross-linking
inside the microspheres and step-growth polymerization of substituted
resorcinol on the microsphere surface, leading to the formation of
coreāshell heterogeneous structures as confirmed by TEM observation
and XPS analysis. A formation mechanism of polymer microspheres is
provided based on the aggregation of polyethylenimine/resorcinolāformaldehyde
(PEI-RF) self-assembled nuclei, which is apparently different from
the conventional StoĢber process. Furthermore, nitrogen-doped
carbon microspheres are prepared by the direct carbonization of these
polymer microspheres, which exhibit microporous BET surface areas
of 400ā500 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>ā1</sup>, high nitrogen
contents of 5ā6 wt %, and a good CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption
capacity up to 3.6 mmol g<sup>ā1</sup> at 0 Ā°C. KOH activation
is further employed to develop the porous texture of carbon microspheres
without sacrificing the spherical morphology. The resultant activated
carbon microspheres exhibit small particle size (<80 nm), high
BET surface areas of 1500ā2000 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>ā1</sup>, and considerable nitrogen content of 2.2ā2.0 wt %. When
used as the electrode materials for supercapacitors, these activated
carbon microspheres demonstrate a high capacitance up to 240 F g<sup>ā1</sup>, an unprecedented rate performance and good cycling
performance
Nitrogen Doping Effects on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Mesoporous Carbons
Nitrogen-doped
mesoporous carbons (NMCs) with controllable nitrogen
doping and similar mesoporous structures are prepared by a facile
colloidal silica nanocasting method using melamine, phenol, and formaldehyde
as precursors. Various physicochemical properties, such as the oxidation
stability, the conductivity and the electrochemical capacitive performance,
the CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption, the basicity, and the metal-free catalytic
activity of the NMCs, are studied extensively in relation to the incorporation
amount of nitrogen in the carbon backbone. The dependence of the oxidation
stability and the conductivity of the NMCs on the nitrogen content
are similar; both of the biggest improvements are achieved at a low
nitrogen content of ca. 4.2 wt %. While used as the supercapacitor
electrodes, the NMCs with a mediate nitrogen content of ca. 8 wt %
can take full advantage of the nitrogen-induced pseudocapacitance
and the nitrogen-enhanced conductivity, delivering an excellent high-rate
capacitive performance. The nitrogen content does not play an important
role in the CO<sub>2</sub> physical adsorption, where the effect of
microporosity prevails over the nitrogen-doped carbon surface. However,
the nitrogen content determines the basicity of the NMCs, which governs
their CO<sub>2</sub> chemical adsorption ability and the metal-free
catalytic activity for direct oxidation of H<sub>2</sub>S. The higher
the nitrogen content, the higher the basicity and the catalytic activity.
Our studies give a reliable relationship between nitrogen doping and
the physicochemical properties of mesoporous carbons, which should
provide a useful guide to their practical applications
High Efficiency Immobilization of Sulfur on Nitrogen-Enriched Mesoporous Carbons for LiāS Batteries
Nitrogen-enriched
mesoporous carbons with tunable nitrogen content and similar mesoporous
structures have been prepared by a facile colloid silica nanocasting
to house sulfur for lithiumāsulfur batteries. The results give
unequivocal proof that nitrogen doping could assist mesoporous carbon
to suppress the shuttling phenomenon, possibly via an enhanced surface
interaction between the basic nitrogen functionalities and polysulfide
species. However, nitrogen doping only within an appropriate level
can improve the electronic conductivity of the carbon matrix. Thus,
the dependence of total electrochemical performance on the nitrogen
content is nonmonotone. At an optimal nitrogen content of 8.1 wt %,
the carbon/sulfur composites deliver a highest reversible discharge
capacity of 758 mA h g<sup>ā1</sup> at a 0.2 C rate and 620
mA h g<sup>ā1</sup> at a 1 C rate after 100 cycles. Furthermore,
with the assistance of PPy/PEG hybrid coating, the composites could
further increase the reversible capacity to 891 mA h g<sup>ā1</sup> after 100 cycles. These encouraging results suggest nitrogen doping
and surface coating of the carbon hosts are good strategies to improve
the performance carbon/sulfur-based cathodes for lithiumāsulfur
batteries
Nitrogen-Rich Mesoporous Carbons: Highly Efficient, Regenerable Metal-Free Catalysts for Low-Temperature Oxidation of H<sub>2</sub>S
We demonstrate that it is possible to transform traditional mesoporous carbons into a superior metal-free catalyst for low-temperature H<sub>2</sub>S removal via doping a high concentration of nitrogen atoms into the carbon. The nitrogen doping level is important for the activity of mesoporous carbons as a metal-free catalyst. Although carbons doped with only an intermediate amount of nitrogen (e.g., 4.3 wt %), show little aptitude for the catalytic oxidation of H<sub>2</sub>S when nitrogen doping reaches a certain high level (e.g., 8.5 wt %), the nitrogen-rich mesoporous carbons (NMC) exhibit high catalytic activity and selectivity toward H<sub>2</sub>S oxidation at low temperature. Further study suggests that the pyridinic nitrogen atoms are responsible for the catalytic activity in H<sub>2</sub>S oxidation. Owing to the metal-free nature of the NMC catalyst, it can be easily regenerated by CS<sub>2</sub> scrubbing, and the product sulfur can be recovered. Our desulfurization results suggest that such metal-free carbons could, indeed, overcome the limitations of the conventional H<sub>2</sub>S catalysts and provide suitable, sustainable, and inexpensive solutions for technological development in H<sub>2</sub>S removal
Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Hydrous RuO<sub>2</sub>/Mesoporous Carbon Nanocomposites via Nitrogen Doping
Hydrous RuO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles
have been uniformly deposited onto nitrogen-enriched mesoporous carbons
(NMCs) via a facile hydrothermal method. The nitrogen doping in the
carbon framework not only provides reversible pseudocapacitance but
also guides uniform deposition of RuO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. As
a result, an extremely high specific capacitance of 1733 F/g per RuO<sub>2</sub>, comparable to the theoretic capacitance of RuO<sub>2</sub>, is reached when 4.3 wt % of RuO<sub>2</sub>Ā·1.25H<sub>2</sub>O is loaded onto the NMCs. Systematic studies show that either nitrogen-free
or excess nitrogen doping result in RuO<sub>2</sub> clusters formation
and worsen the electrochemical performances. With intermediate nitrogen
and RuO<sub>2</sub> content (8.1 wt % N, 29.6 wt % of RuO<sub>2</sub>Ā·1.25H<sub>2</sub>O), the composites deliver excellent power
performance and high specific capacitance (402 F/g) with reversible
capacitive response at 500 mV/s. The unique properties of nitrogen
in textual, morphological, and electrochemical aspects may also provide
further understanding about the effects of nitrogen doping and metal
oxide deposition on supercapacitor performance
Carbon Counter-Electrode-Based Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells with Certified Efficiency Exceeding 11%
The mean power conversion efficiency
(PCE) of quantum-dot-sensitized
solar cells (QDSCs) is mainly limited by the low photovoltage and
fill factor (FF), which are derived from the high redox potential
of polysulfide electrolyte and the poor catalytic activity of the
counter electrode (CE), respectively. Herein, we report that this
problem is overcome by adopting Ti mesh supported mesoporous carbon
(MC/Ti) CE. The confined area in Ti mesh substrate not only offers
robust carbon film with submillimeter thickness to ensure high catalytic
capacity, but also provides an efficient three-dimension electrical
tunnel with better conductivity than state-of-art Cu<sub>2</sub>S/FTO
CE. More importantly, the MC/Ti CE can down shift the redox potential
of polysulfide electrolyte to promote high photovoltage. In all, MC/Ti
CEs boost PCE of CdSe<sub>0.65</sub>Te<sub>0.35</sub> QDSCs to a certified
record of 11.16% (<i>J</i><sub>sc</sub> = 20.68 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, <i>V</i><sub>oc</sub> = 0.798 V, FF = 0.677),
an improvement of 24% related to previous record. This work thus paves
a way for further improvement of performance of QDSCs